Turbidity ndi mphamvu ya kuwala yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa kuwala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu njira yothetsera, nthawi zambiri madzi. Tinthu ting'onoting'ono, monga matope, dongo, algae, organic matter, ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, timamwaza kuwala kodutsa m'madzi. Kumwazika kwa kuwala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timeneti timatulutsa turbidity, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuchuluka komwe kuwala kumalephereka podutsa m'madzi. Turbidity si ndondomeko yowonetsera mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamadzimadzi. Izo mosalunjika chimasonyeza ndende ya inaimitsidwa particles mwa kufotokoza kuwala kubalalitsa zotsatira za inaimitsidwa particles mu yankho. Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwamwazikana, kumapangitsanso kuti madzi amadzimadzi azisungunuka .
Njira yodziwira za Turbidity
Turbidity ndi chisonyezero cha mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa chitsanzo cha madzi ndipo amayamba chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu zosasungunuka m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwala kufalikira ndi kuyamwa m'malo modutsa madzi mumzere wowongoka. Ndichizindikiro chomwe chimawonetsa zinthu zakuthupi zamadzi achilengedwe ndi madzi akumwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa kumveka bwino kapena kusungunuka kwa madzi, ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kuyesa ubwino wa madzi.
Kuwonongeka kwamadzi achilengedwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zotayidwa bwino monga silt, dongo, zinthu zabwino za organic ndi inorganic, sungunuka zamitundu yosungunuka, plankton ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono tamadzi. Izi zaimitsidwa zinthu akhoza adsorb mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi, kotero otsika turbidity ndi yabwino madzi disinfection kupha mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi, zimene ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa chitetezo madzi. Chifukwa chake, madzi apakati omwe ali ndi luso laukadaulo ayenera kuyesetsa kupereka madzi ocheperako momwe angathere. Kuwonongeka kwa madzi a fakitale kumakhala kochepa, komwe kumapindulitsa kuchepetsa fungo ndi kukoma kwa madzi a chlorinated; zimathandiza kupewa kuberekana kwa mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina. Kusunga chipwirikiti chochepa pogawa madzi kumathandizira kukhalapo kwa chlorine yotsalira yoyenera.
The turbidity wa madzi wapampopi ayenera kusonyezedwa mu anamwazikana turbidity unit NTU, amene sayenera upambana 3NTU, ndipo sayenera upambana 5NTU nthawi yapadera. Kuwonongeka kwamadzi ambiri opangira madzi ndikofunikira. Zomera zachakumwa, malo opangira chakudya, ndi zotsukira madzi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi apamwamba nthawi zambiri zimadalira kukhazikika, kusungunuka, ndi kusefera kuti zitsimikizike kuti chinthucho chili chokwanira.
Ndizovuta kukhala ndi mgwirizano pakati pa turbidity ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zaimitsidwa, chifukwa kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi refractive index of particles zimakhudzanso maonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa. Poyezera turbidity, magalasi onse okhudzana ndi chitsanzo ayenera kusungidwa pamalo oyera. Mukatsuka ndi hydrochloric acid kapena surfactant, yambani ndi madzi oyera ndikukhetsa. Zitsanzo zidatengedwa mu mbale zagalasi zokhala ndi zoyimitsa. Pambuyo sampuli, particles ena kuyimitsidwa akhoza precipitate ndi coagulate pamene anaikidwa, ndipo sangathe kubwezeretsedwa pambuyo ukalamba, ndipo tizilombo tingathenso kuwononga katundu zolimba, choncho ayenera kuyeza mwamsanga. Ngati kusungirako kuli kofunikira, kuyenera kupeŵa kukhudzana ndi mpweya, ndipo iyenera kuikidwa m'chipinda chozizira chamdima, koma osapitirira 24h. Ngati chitsanzocho chasungidwa pamalo ozizira, bwererani kumalo otentha musanayese.
Pakalipano, njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kusungunuka kwa madzi:
(1) Mtundu wotumizira (kuphatikiza spectrophotometer ndi njira yowonera): Malinga ndi lamulo la Lambert-Beer, turbidity yachitsanzo chamadzi imatsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kopatsirana, ndi logarithm yoyipa ya turbidity yachitsanzo chamadzi ndi kuwala. transmittance ali mu mawonekedwe a Linear ubale, ndi apamwamba turbidity, m'munsi kuwala transmittance. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusokonezedwa kwa chikasu m'madzi achilengedwe, madzi a m'nyanja ndi malo osungiramo madzi amakhalanso ndi zinthu zomwe zimayamwa kuwala monga algae, zomwe zimasokonezanso kuyeza. Sankhani kutalika kwa 680rim kuti mupewe kusokonekera kwachikasu ndi zobiriwira.
(2) Kubalalitsa kwa turbidimeter: Malinga ndi njira ya Rayleigh (Rayleigh) (Ir/Io=KD, h ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kobalalika, 10 ndi mphamvu ya cheza cha anthu), yesani mphamvu ya kuwala kobalalika pamakona ena kuti mukwaniritse kutsimikiza kwa zitsanzo za madzi cholinga cha turbidity. Pamene kuwala kwa chochitikacho kumabalalitsidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta 1/15 mpaka 1/20 ya kutalika kwa kuwala kwa chochitikacho, mphamvuyo imagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya Rayleigh, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakula kuposa 1/2 ya kutalika kwake. Kuwala kwa chochitikacho kumawunikira kuwala. Zinthu ziwirizi zitha kuyimiridwa ndi Ir∝D, ndipo kuwala kokhala ndi ngodya ya madigiri 90 nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuwala kowunikira kuyeza chipwirikiti.
(3) Scattering-transmission turbidity mita: gwiritsani ntchito Ir/It=KD kapena Ir/(Ir+It)=KD (Ir ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kwamwazikana, Ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kofalitsidwa) kuyeza mphamvu ya kuwala kofalikira ndi kuwala konyezimira Ndi, kuyeza kusanja kwachitsanzo. Chifukwa mphamvu ya kuwala kofalitsidwa ndi kumwazikana imayezedwa nthawi imodzi, imakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu pansi pa mphamvu ya kuwala komweko.
Pakati pa njira zitatu zomwe tafotokozazi, turbidimeter yofalitsa-mwayi ndi yabwino, yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo chromaticity mu chitsanzo cha madzi sichimasokoneza muyeso. Komabe, chifukwa cha zovuta za chida ndi mtengo wapamwamba, zimakhala zovuta kulimbikitsa ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito mu G. Njira yowonera imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugonjera. G M'malo mwake, kuyeza kwa turbidity nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito mita yobalalika. Kuwonongeka kwa madzi kumayamba makamaka ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'madzi, ndipo mphamvu ya kuwala komwazika ndi yayikulu kuposa ya kuwala komwe kudalowa. Chifukwa chake, mita yobalalika ya turbidity ndiyomva bwino kwambiri kuposa mita yotumizira ma turbidity. Ndipo chifukwa turbidimeter ya mtundu wobalalika imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala koyera ngati gwero la kuwala, kuyeza kwa chitsanzo kuli pafupi ndi zenizeni, koma chromaticity imasokoneza muyeso.
Chiphuphuchi chimayesedwa ndi njira yoyezera kuwala komwazika. Malinga ndi muyezo wa ISO 7027-1984, mita ya turbidity yomwe imakwaniritsa izi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito:
(1) Wavelength λ ya kuwala kwa chochitika ndi 860nm;
(2) Chiwonetsero cha bandwidth △λ ndi chocheperako kapena chofanana ndi 60nm;
(3) Kuwala kwa zochitika zofanana sikusiyana, ndipo kuyang'ana kulikonse sikudutsa 1.5 °;
(4) Mulingo woyezera θ pakati pa nsonga ya kuwala kwa kuwala kwa chochitika ndi kuwala kwa kuwala kobalalika ndi 90 ± 25 °.
(5) Kutsegula kolowera ωθ m’madzi ndi 20°～30°.
ndi kupereka lipoti lazotsatira mu mayunitsi a formazin turbidity
① Pamene turbidity ili yochepera 1 formazin kumwazikana turbidity unit, ndi yolondola ku 0.01 formazin kumwaza turbidity unit;
②Pamene turbidity ndi 1-10 formazin kumwazikana mayunitsi turbidity, ndi zolondola 0.1 formazin kumwazikana mayunitsi turbidity;
③ Pamene turbidity ndi 10-100 formazin kumwaza mayunitsi turbidity, ndi zolondola 1 formazin kumwaza turbidity unit;
④ Chiphuphuchi chikakhala chachikulu kuposa kapena chofanana ndi 100 formazin kumwazikana mayunitsi, chizikhala cholondola mpaka 10 formazin kumwazikana mayunitsi.
1.3.1 Madzi opanda chiphuphu akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyezo ya dilution kapena zitsanzo za madzi osungunuka. Njira yokonzekera madzi opanda turbidity ndi motere: perekani madzi osungunuka kudzera mu sefa ya nembanemba yokhala ndi pore kukula kwa 0.2 μm (zosefera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira mabakiteriya sizingakwaniritse zofunikira), tsukani botolo kuti mutolere ndi madzi osefa osachepera. kawiri, ndi kutaya 200 ml yotsatira. Cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito madzi osungunula ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi oyera a ion-kusinthanitsa pakutsimikiza, komanso kuchepetsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya m'madzi oyera.
1.3.2 Hydrazine sulfate ndi hexamethylenetetramine akhoza kuikidwa mu silica gel desiccator usiku umodzi asanayese.
1.3.3 Pamene kutentha kwazomwe kuli pakati pa 12-37 ° C, palibe zotsatira zoonekeratu pa mbadwo wa (formazin) turbidity, ndipo palibe polima amapangidwa pamene kutentha kuli kosakwana 5 ° C. Chifukwa chake, kukonzekera kwa formazin turbidity standard stock solution kumatha kuchitika kutentha kwachipinda. Koma momwe kutentha kumakhalira kumakhala kochepa, kuyimitsidwa kumatengedwa mosavuta ndi glassware, ndipo kutentha kumakhala kokwera kwambiri, zomwe zingayambitse mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa turbidity. Choncho, kutentha kwa mapangidwe a formazin kumayendetsedwa bwino pa 25 ± 3 ° C. Nthawi yochitira hydrazine sulfate ndi hexamethylenetetramine inali itatsala pang'ono kutha m'maola a 16, ndipo turbidity ya mankhwalawa inafika pamtunda pambuyo pa maola a 24, ndipo panalibe kusiyana pakati pa maola 24 ndi 96. ndi
1.3.4 Pakupanga formazin, pamene pH ya madzi amadzimadzi ndi 5.3-5.4, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati mphete, zabwino ndi yunifolomu; pamene pH ili pafupi 6.0, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tamaluwa ndi flocs; pH ikakhala 6.6, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati chipale chofewa timapangidwa.
1.3.5 Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi turbidity ya madigiri 400 ikhoza kusungidwa kwa mwezi umodzi (ngakhale theka la chaka mufiriji), ndipo njira yothetsera vutoli ndi turbidity ya madigiri 5-100 sichidzasintha mkati mwa sabata.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-19-2023
