Ubwino wa madzi: Kutsimikiza kwa turbidity (GB 13200-1991)" amatanthauza muyezo wapadziko lonse wa ISO 7027-1984 "Makhalidwe amadzi - Kutsimikiza kwa turbidity". Muyezo uwu umatchula njira ziwiri zodziwira matope m'madzi. Gawo loyamba ndi spectrophotometry, lomwe limagwira ntchito pamadzi akumwa, madzi achilengedwe komanso madzi amtundu wambiri, omwe ali ndi turbidity yodziwika bwino ya madigiri a 3. Gawo lachiwiri ndi turbidimetry yowonekera, yomwe imagwira ntchito kumadzi otsika kwambiri monga madzi akumwa ndi madzi oyambira, okhala ndi turbidity yodziwika pang'ono ya 1 digiri. Pasakhale zinyalala ndi tinthu tating'ono tosavuta kumira m'madzi. Ngati ziwiya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizoyera, kapena pali thovu losungunuka ndi zinthu zamitundu m'madzi, zidzasokoneza kutsimikiza mtima. Pa kutentha koyenera, hydrazine sulfate ndi hexamethylenetetramine polymerize kupanga polima yoyera ya molekyulu, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yothetsera vuto la turbidity ndikuyerekeza ndi turbidity ya zitsanzo za madzi pansi pazifukwa zina.
Kuwonongeka kwamadzi nthawi zambiri kumakhudza kutsimikiza kwamadzi achilengedwe, madzi akumwa komanso mtundu wina wamadzi am'mafakitale. Zitsanzo za madzi zoti ziyesedwe ngati turbidity ziyenera kuyesedwa mwamsanga, kapena ziyenera kusungidwa mufiriji pa 4 ° C ndi kuyesedwa mkati mwa maola 24. Musanayesedwe, chitsanzo cha madzi chiyenera kugwedezeka mwamphamvu ndikubwezeretsa kutentha.
Kukhalapo kwa zinthu zoyimitsidwa ndi ma colloid m'madzi, monga matope, silt, zinthu zabwino za organic, zinthu zachilengedwe, plankton, ndi zina zotere, zimatha kupangitsa kuti madzi asokonezeke ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale chipwirikiti. Pakuwunika kwamadzi, zimanenedwa kuti turbidity yopangidwa ndi 1mg SiO2 mu 1L yamadzi ndi gawo lokhazikika la turbidity unit, lomwe limatchedwa 1 digiri. Nthawi zambiri, chipwirikiti chikakhala chambiri, ndiye kuti njira yothetsera vutoli imakhala ya chipwirikiti.
Chifukwa madziwo ali ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana, madzi opanda utoto oyambira komanso owonekera amakhala owoneka bwino. Mlingo wa turbidity umatchedwa turbidity. Chigawo cha turbidity chimasonyezedwa mu "madigiri", omwe ali ofanana ndi 1L yamadzi omwe ali ndi 1mg. SiO2 (kapena non-curved mg kaolin, diatomaceous earth), mlingo wa turbidity wopangidwa ndi 1 digiri, kapena Jackson. Gawo la turbidity ndi JTU, 1JTU = 1mg/L kuyimitsidwa kwa kaolin. Zowonongeka zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi zida zamakono ndi gawo la turbidity unit NTU, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti TU. 1NTU=1JTU. Posachedwapa, akukhulupirira padziko lonse lapansi kuti mulingo wa turbidity wokonzedwa ndi hexamethylenetetramine-hydrazine sulfate uli ndi kuberekana kwabwino ndipo umasankhidwa ngati FTU yolumikizana yamayiko osiyanasiyana. 1FTU = 1JTU. Turbidity ndi mphamvu ya kuwala, yomwe ndi mlingo wa kutsekeka kwa kuwala pamene ikudutsa m'madzi osanjikiza, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti madzi amatha kumwaza ndi kuyamwa kuwala. Sizokhudzana ndi zomwe zaimitsidwa, komanso kapangidwe kake, kukula kwa tinthu, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a zonyansa m'madzi. Kuwongolera turbidity ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera madzi m'mafakitale komanso chizindikiro chofunikira chamadzi. Malinga ndi momwe madzi amagwiritsidwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana, pali zofunika zosiyanasiyana za turbidity. The turbidity madzi akumwa sadzapitirira 1NTU; turbidity ya madzi owonjezera kuti azizungulira madzi ozizira amayenera kukhala madigiri 2-5; turbidity ya madzi olowera (madzi osaphika) opangira madzi a mchere ayenera kukhala osachepera 3 digiri; matope amadzi ofunikira popanga ulusi wochita kupanga ndi ochepera madigiri 0,3. Popeza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga turbidity nthawi zambiri timakhazikika ndipo timakhala ndi milandu yoyipa, sizingakhazikike popanda mankhwala. Pochiza madzi m'mafakitale, coagulation, kuwunikira ndi kusefera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuti muchepetse chipwirikiti chamadzi.
Chinthu chinanso chowonjezera ndi chakuti monga momwe mfundo zaumisiri zadziko langa zikugwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, lingaliro la "turbidity" ndi "digirii" silikugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'makampani amadzi. M'malo mwake, lingaliro la "turbidity" ndi gawo la "NTU/FNU/FTU" amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwake.
Turbidimetric kapena njira yobalalika yowala
Kuchuluka kwa turbidity kumatha kuyesedwa ndi turbidimetry kapena njira yobalalika yowala. dziko langa nthawi zambiri limagwiritsa ntchito turbidimetry kuyeza turbidity. Chitsanzo cha madzi chikufanizidwa ndi turbidity standard solution yokonzedwa ndi kaolin. Chiphuphucho sichapamwamba, ndipo akuti lita imodzi yamadzi osungunuka imakhala ndi 1 mg ya silicon dioxide ngati gawo limodzi la turbidity. Miyezo ya turbidity yomwe imapezedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoyezera kapena milingo yosiyana siyofanana. Kuchuluka kwa matope nthawi zambiri sikungasonyeze mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi, koma kuwonjezeka kwa matope omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zinyalala za anthu ndi mafakitale kumasonyeza kuti madziwo afika poipa.
1. Njira ya Colorimetric. Colorimetry ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza turbidity. Imagwiritsa ntchito colorimeter kapena spectrophotometer kudziwa turbidity poyerekeza kusiyana kwa kuyamwa pakati pa zitsanzo ndi yankho lokhazikika. Njirayi ndi yoyenera kwa zitsanzo zochepa za turbidity (nthawi zambiri zosakwana 100 NTU).
2. Njira yobalalitsira. Njira yobalalitsira ndi njira yodziwira turbidity poyesa kukula kwa kuwala kobalalika kuchokera ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Njira zobalalitsa wamba zimaphatikizapo njira yobalalitsira mwachindunji ndi njira yobalalitsira molunjika. Njira yobalalitsira molunjika imagwiritsa ntchito chida chomwazira mopepuka kapena chowazira kuti kuyeza kulimba kwa kuwala komwazikana. Njira yobalalitsa yosalunjika imagwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano pakati pa kuwala kobalalika komwe kumapangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayamwa kuti tipeze phindu la turbidity kudzera muyeso la kuyamwa.
Kuphulika kumatha kuyezanso ndi mita ya turbidity. Meta ya turbidity imatulutsa kuwala, imadutsa gawo lachitsanzo, ndikuzindikira kuchuluka kwa kuwala komwe kumamwazikana ndi tinthu tating'ono m'madzi kuchokera kunjira ya 90 ° kupita ku kuwala kwa zochitika. Njira yoyezera kuwala komwazika imeneyi imatchedwa njira yomwazikana. Kusokonekera kulikonse kowona kuyenera kuyesedwa motere.
Kufunika kozindikira turbidity:
1. Mu njira yothetsera madzi, kuyeza turbidity kungathandize kudziwa zotsatira za kuyeretsa. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya coagulation ndi sedimentation, kusintha kwa turbidity kungasonyeze kupanga ndi kuchotsedwa kwa flocs. Panthawi yosefera, turbidity imatha kuwunika momwe ma sefa amagwirira ntchito.
2. Kuwongolera njira yothetsera madzi. Kuyeza matope kumatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa madzi nthawi iliyonse, kuthandizira kusintha magawo a njira yoyeretsera madzi, ndikusunga madzi abwino m'malo oyenera.
3. Kuneneratu za kusintha kwa madzi. Pakufufuza mosalekeza za matope, mmene madzi amasinthira amatha kudziŵika pakapita nthawi, ndipo zinthu zingatengedwe pasadakhale kuti madzi asawonongeke.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-18-2024
