Madzi otayira m'mafakitale amaphatikiza madzi otayira, kupanga zonyansa komanso madzi ozizira. Amatanthawuza madzi otayira ndi zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwira popanga mafakitale, zomwe zimakhala ndi zida zopangira mafakitale, zinthu zapakatikati, zopangira ndi zowononga zomwe zimapangidwa popanga zomwe zimatayika ndi madzi. Pali mitundu yambiri yamadzi owonongeka a mafakitale okhala ndi zigawo zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, electrolytic m'mafakitale zinyalala zinyalala lili ndi mercury, heavy metal smelting madzi zinyalala mafakitale muli lead, cadmium ndi zitsulo zina, electroplating mafakitale zinyalala zili cyanide ndi chromium ndi zitsulo zina zolemera, mafuta kuyenga m'mafakitale zinyalala zili phenol, mankhwala ophera tizilombo madzi zinyalala mafakitale muli mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo, etc. Popeza madzi otayira m'mafakitale nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zapoizoni zosiyanasiyana, kuipitsa chilengedwe kumawononga kwambiri thanzi la munthu, choncho m'pofunika kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira, kuchititsa zoipazo kukhala phindu, ndi kuchitapo kanthu zoyeretsera molingana ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa. m’madzi oipa asanatuluke.
Madzi otayira m'mafakitale amatanthauza madzi onyansa, zonyansa ndi zonyansa zomwe zimapangidwira popanga mafakitale, zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zopangira mafakitale, zinthu zapakatikati ndi zinthu zomwe zimatayika ndi madzi ndi zowononga zomwe zimapangidwa popanga. Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha mafakitale, mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi owonongeka kwawonjezeka mofulumira, ndipo kuipitsidwa kwa matupi amadzi kwakhala kofala kwambiri komanso koopsa, kuopseza thanzi la anthu ndi chitetezo. Choncho, pofuna kuteteza chilengedwe, chithandizo cha madzi otayira m'mafakitale n'chofunika kwambiri kusiyana ndi chimbudzi cha m'tawuni.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mitundu itatu:
Yoyamba ndikuyika molingana ndi mankhwala azinthu zazikulu zowononga zomwe zili m'madzi otayira m'mafakitale. Madzi otayira amakhala makamaka ndi zinthu zowononga zachilengedwe, ndipo madzi otayira amakhala ndi zinthu zowononga zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, madzi otayira a electroplating ndi madzi onyansa ochokera ku mineral processing ndi madzi onyansa, madzi onyansa ochokera ku chakudya kapena mafuta opangira mafuta ndi madzi onyansa achilengedwe, ndipo madzi onyansa ochokera kumakampani osindikizira ndi opaka utoto ndimadzi osakanizika. Madzi otayira omwe amachotsedwa m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana.
Chachiwiri ndikugawira molingana ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi am'mafakitale, monga madzi onyansa azitsulo, madzi onyansa opangira mapepala, coking gasi wamoto, madzi onyansa achitsulo, madzi onyansa amafuta onyansa, kusindikiza nsalu ndi kudaya madzi oyipa, utoto wamadzi onyansa, madzi onyansa achikopa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo. madzi onyansa, malo opangira magetsi otayira, etc.
Mtundu wachitatu umagawidwa molingana ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za zowononga zomwe zili m'madzi onyansa, monga madzi otayira acidic, madzi onyansa a alkaline, madzi oipa okhala ndi cyanide, madzi onyansa okhala ndi chromium, madzi onyansa okhala ndi cadmium, madzi onyansa okhala ndi mercury, phenol-containing waste. -okhala ndi madzi otayira, madzi onyansa okhala ndi mafuta, madzi onyansa okhala ndi sulfure, madzi onyansa okhala ndi phosphorous okhala ndi organic ndi madzi otayira a radioactive.
Njira ziwiri zoyambirira zamagulu sizimaphatikizapo zigawo zazikulu za zonyansa zomwe zili m'madzi otayira, komanso sizingasonyeze kuvulaza kwa madzi oipa.
Kufunika koyesa madzi otayira m'mafakitale
Nthawi zambiri, madzi owonongeka omwe amapangidwa m'miyoyo yathu amakhala ndi zinthu zopanda poizoni, pomwe madzi otayira opanga mafakitale amatha kukhala ndi zitsulo zolemera, mankhwala ndi zinthu zina zovulaza. Kutulutsa popanda chithandizo sikungoyambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe, koma kampaniyo idzakumananso ndi chindapusa ndi zilango. Pazovuta kwambiri, zidzalamulidwa kuyimitsa bizinesi ndikutseka.
Chitani ntchito yabwino pakuyesa madzi otayira m'mafakitale, wongolerani kuchulukana ndi kutulutsa zowononga m'madzi madzi onyansa asanatulutsidwe kuti asapitirire malire omwe adayikidwa, kuteteza madzi, ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe. Moni, ndili bwino, aliyense ndi wabwino!
Miyezo ya kukhetsa kwamadzi otayira m'mafakitale imaphimba zoipitsa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza COD, zitsulo zolemera, BOD, zolimba zoyimitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri. Mabizinesi atha kunena zamiyezo yowononga madzi m'mafakitale yoperekedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi Zachilengedwe.
Kufunika koyesa madzi otayira m'mafakitale kumawonekera makamaka pazifukwa izi:
1. Kuteteza chilengedwe: Kutayira mwachindunji kwa madzi otayira m’mafakitale popanda kuwasamalira kudzawononga kwambiri chilengedwe, monga kuipitsa madzi ndi kuipitsa nthaka. Poyesa madzi otayira m'mafakitale, kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa ndi kupangidwa kwa madzi onyansa kumatha kuyang'aniridwa bwino, kupereka maziko asayansi olamulira ndi kupewa.
2. Kuteteza thanzi la anthu: Madzi otayira m’mafakitale nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zapoizoni komanso zovulaza, monga zitsulo zolemera ndi zowononga zachilengedwe. Zinthu zimenezi zimawopseza kwambiri thanzi la munthu. Kupyolera mu kuyesa kwa madzi otayira m'mafakitale, kupezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulazazi zitha kuyang'aniridwa bwino, kupereka maziko opangira mapulani olamulira, potero kuteteza thanzi laumunthu.
3. Kulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha mafakitale: Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe, makampani ochulukirapo ayamba kulabadira za kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe. Poyesa madzi otayira m'mafakitale, makampani amatha kumvetsetsa momwe madzi akutayira amatayira, kupereka chithandizo chasayansi pakuwongolera njira zopangira ndikuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe, motero amalimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha mafakitale.
Zinthu zoyezera madzi otayira m'mafakitale ndi zizindikiro
Zinthu zoyezera madzi akunyansidwa makamaka zikuphatikiza kufunikira kwa oxygen (COD), kufunikira kwa okosijeni wachilengedwe (BOD), zolimba zoyimitsidwa (SS), phosphorous yonse (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), nayitrogeni (TN), turbidity, chlorine yotsalira, pH ndi zizindikiro zina. Zizindikirozi zimasonyeza kuipitsidwa kwa mbali zosiyanasiyana za madzi onyansa, monga zinthu zamoyo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndi zina zotero. Pozindikira ndi kusanthula zizindikiro izi, tikhoza kumvetsetsa mlingo ndi mtundu wa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi onyansa, ndikupereka maziko asayansi opangira madzi otayira ndi kutulutsa. .
Njira zoyezetsa madzi otayira m'mafakitale
Njira zodziwika bwino zoyezera madzi otayira m'mafakitale zimaphatikizapo kusanthula kwamankhwala, kusanthula kwachilengedwe komanso kusanthula thupi. Makhalidwe ndi ntchito za njirazi zikufotokozedwa pansipa.
1. Njira yowunikira mankhwala
Kusanthula kwa Chemical ndiye njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuyesa madzi otayira m'mafakitale. Njirayi imatsimikizira zomwe zili muzinthu zosiyanasiyana m'madzi onyansa kudzera muzochita zamankhwala ndi kusanthula kachulukidwe. Njira zowunikira mankhwala zimaphatikizapo titration, spectrophotometry, chromatography, ndi zina zotero. Pakati pawo, titration ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza mankhwala, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ion, pH, zitsulo zolemera ndi zizindikiro zina m'madzi onyansa; spectrophotometry ndi njira yodziwira kuchuluka kwa chinthu poyesa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kapena kumwaza kwa kuwala ndi chinthu, ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zizindikiro monga organic matter ndi ammonia nitrogen m'madzi onyansa; chromatography ndi njira yolekanitsa ndi kusanthula yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa zinthu zamoyo, zinthu za inorganic, ma polycyclic onunkhira ma hydrocarboni ndi zinthu zina m'madzi oyipa.
2. Bioanalysis
Bioanalysis ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidwi cha zamoyo kuzinthu zowononga kuti zizindikire zinthu zovulaza m'madzi onyansa. Njirayi ili ndi makhalidwe a kutengeka kwakukulu ndi kutsimikizika kwamphamvu. Bioanalysis imaphatikizapo kuyesa kwachilengedwe ndi kuyang'anira kwachilengedwe. Pakati pawo, kuyezetsa kwachilengedwe ndiko kudziwa kawopsedwe ka zinthu zowononga m'madzi otayidwa ndi zamoyo zolima, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa zinthu zamoyo, zitsulo zolemera ndi zinthu zina m'madzi onyansa; Kuyang'anira zamoyo ndi njira yowonetsera kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe powunika momwe zinthu zimakhalira komanso momwe zinthu zimachitikira zamoyo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito powunika zinthu zamoyo, zitsulo zolemera ndi zinthu zina m'madzi onyansa.
3. Kusanthula thupi
Kusanthula kwakuthupi ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe akuthupi azinthu kuti azindikire zinthu zovulaza m'madzi onyansa. Njirayi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, yachangu komanso yolondola. Njira zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikiza njira yeniyeni yokoka, njira yodziwira zinthu zoyimitsidwa ndi njira ya colorimetry. Pakati pawo, njira yeniyeni yokoka ndiyo kudziwa zomwe zili m'madzi onyansa poyesa kachulukidwe; inaimitsidwa nkhani kutsimikiza njira ndi kudziwa khalidwe madzi poyesa zili inaimitsidwa nkhani mu madzi oipa; colorimetry ndi kudziwa zomwe zili mu organic matter, heavy metal ndi zinthu zina poyesa kuya kwa mtundu wamadzi oyipa.
3. Mwachidule
Kuzindikira madzi otayira m'mafakitale ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino, ndipo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuteteza chilengedwe, kuteteza thanzi la anthu komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha mafakitale. Njira zodziwira madzi otayidwa m'mafakitale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kusanthula kwamankhwala, kusanthula kwachilengedwe ndi kusanthula kwakuthupi, chilichonse chomwe chili ndi mawonekedwe ake komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito. Muzogwiritsira ntchito, m'pofunika kusankha njira zodziwira zoyenera malinga ndi zochitika zenizeni kuti zitsimikizire zolondola ndi zodalirika za zotsatira zowunikira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'pofunika kulimbikitsa kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa njira zowonongeka kwa madzi owonongeka kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa madzi owonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu.
Ubwino wa spectrophotometry pakuzindikira mtundu wa madzi ndi chiyani?
Pakalipano, spectrophotometry ndi imodzi mwa njira zodziwira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana khalidwe la madzi, makamaka pakudziwitsa zitsanzo za madzi zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri, zimakhala ndi ubwino wa ntchito yosavuta, yolondola kwambiri komanso yokhudzidwa kwambiri. Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma spectrophotometers, omwe amagawidwa kukhala ma spectrophotometer owoneka, ma ultraviolet spectrophotometers ndi ma infrared spectrophotometers malinga ndi kutalika kwa kuwala komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Spectrophotometry ndi njira yowunikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pozindikira mtundu wamadzi. Mfundo yake yaikulu ndiyo kudziwa zomwe zili mu chinthu chomwe mukufuna mu njira yothetsera vutoli poyesa mlingo wa kuyamwa kwa yankho la kuwala kwa utali winawake wa kutalika kwake. Spectrophotometry ili ndi zotsatirazi:
1. Kukhudzidwa kwambiri
Spectrophotometry ili ndi chidwi chozindikira zinthu zomwe mukufuna ndipo imatha kusanthula ndikuyeza molondola pamlingo wocheperako. Zili choncho chifukwa kuwalako kukadutsa mumtsukowo, mphamvu ya kuwala yomwe imatengedwa ndi chinthu chomwe chikufunayo chimakhala chofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthu chomwe mukufuna, kotero kuti kuchepa kwa chinthu chomwe mukuchifuna kungathe kuyesedwa molondola kwambiri.
2. Wide liniya osiyanasiyana
Spectrophotometry ili ndi mizere yotalikirapo ndipo imatha kuyesa miyeso yolondola pagulu lalikulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti spectrophotometry ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusanthula kwachitsanzo chotsika kwambiri komanso chokhazikika, ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso kusinthasintha.
3. Mwachangu komanso mwaluso
Zotsatira zowunika zitha kupezeka munthawi yochepa. Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zowunikira, spectrophotometry ili ndi njira yosavuta yogwiritsira ntchito komanso kuthamanga kwachangu, komwe kuli koyenera pazochitika zomwe zotsatira ziyenera kupezedwa mwamsanga.
4. Kusankha kwakukulu
Spectrophotometry imatha kupeza kuzindikira kosankhidwa kwa zinthu zomwe mukufuna posankha mafunde oyenerera. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mayamwidwe osiyanasiyana pamafunde osiyanasiyana. Posankha mafunde oyenerera, kusokonezedwa ndi zinthu zosokoneza kungapewedwe ndipo kusankha kwa muyeso kumatha kuwongolera.
5. Portability ndi ntchito zenizeni nthawi
Spectrophotometry imatha kuzindikira mwachangu pamalowo kudzera pa chojambulira chamadzi chamitundu ingapo, chomwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino komanso nthawi yeniyeni. Izi zimapangitsa kuti spectrophotometry igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'magawo omwe zotsatira zimafunika kupezedwa mwachangu, monga kuyang'anira chilengedwe ndikufufuza za kuwonongeka kwa madzi.
Lianhua Technology ndi wopanga waku China yemwe ali ndi zaka 42 zokumana nazo popanga zida zoyezera madzi. Mu 1982, idapanga njira ya COD yachangu ya digestion spectrophotometry, yomwe imatha kuzindikira mtengo wolondola wa COD m'madzi onyansa mkati mwa mphindi 20, ndi ma reagents ochepa, osavuta komanso osavuta, ndipo ndi otchuka kwambiri m'ma laboratories. Ndi kafukufuku mosalekeza ndi chitukuko ndi kukulitsa, Lianhua Technology tsopano akhoza kupereka ammonia nayitrogeni zida, okwana phosphorous zida, okwana nayitrogeni zida, nitrate/nitrite zida, inaimitsidwa zolimba mamita, turbidity mamita, otsalira chlorine mamita, heavy metal mamita, etc., komanso. monga ma reagents osiyanasiyana othandizira ndi zowonjezera. Lianhua Technology ili ndi zida zambiri zoyesera zamadzi, mtundu wabwino wazinthu, komanso ntchito yogulitsa pambuyo pake. Takulandirani kuti mukambirane!
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-29-2024
