Zotsatirazi ndikuyambitsa njira zoyesera:
1. Ukadaulo wowunika zowononga zachilengedwe
Kufufuza za kuwonongeka kwa madzi kumayamba ndi Hg, Cd, cyanide, phenol, Cr6+, ndi zina zotero, ndipo zambiri zimayesedwa ndi spectrophotometry. Pamene ntchito yoteteza zachilengedwe ikukulirakulira ndipo ntchito zowunikira zikupitilira kukula, kukhudzidwa ndi kulondola kwa njira zowunikira za spectrophotometric sizingakwaniritse zofunikira pakuwongolera chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, zida ndi njira zowunikira zosiyanasiyana zapamwamba komanso zokhudzidwa kwambiri zapangidwa mwachangu.
.
1.Mayamwidwe a atomiki ndi njira za atomiki za fluorescence
Kuyamwa kwa atomiki lamoto, kuyamwa kwa atomiki ya hydride, ndi kuyamwa kwa ma atomiki a graphite m'ng'anjo zapangidwa motsatizana, ndipo zimatha kudziwa zambiri zazitsulo zam'madzi.
Chida cha atomiki chotchedwa fluorescence chopangidwa m'dziko langa chimatha kuyeza panthawi imodzi zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu, monga, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, ndi Pb, m'madzi. Kusanthula kwazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi ma hydride zimakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu komanso kulondola komanso kusokoneza kwa matrix otsika.
.
2. Plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
Plasma emission spectrometry yakula mwachangu m'zaka zaposachedwa ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunikira nthawi imodzi yamagulu a matrix m'madzi oyera, zitsulo ndi magawo am'madzi onyansa, ndi zinthu zingapo mu zitsanzo zachilengedwe. Kukhudzika kwake ndi kulondola kwake kumakhala kofanana ndi njira yoyamwitsa atomiki yamoto, ndipo ndiyothandiza kwambiri. Jekeseni imodzi imatha kuyeza zinthu 10 mpaka 30 nthawi imodzi.
.
3. Plasma emission spectrometry mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Njira ya ICP-MS ndi njira yowunikira ma spectrometry pogwiritsa ntchito ICP ngati gwero la ionization. Kukhudzika kwake ndi 2 ku madongosolo a 3 apamwamba kuposa njira ya ICP-AES. Makamaka poyezera zinthu ndi nambala yochuluka kuposa 100, kukhudzika kwake kumakhala kopambana kuposa malire ozindikira. Zochepa. Japan yalemba njira ya ICP-MS ngati njira yowunikira yowunikira Cr6+, Cu, Pb, ndi Cd m'madzi. .
.
4. Ion chromatography
Ion chromatography ndiukadaulo watsopano wolekanitsa ndi kuyeza ma anion wamba ndi ma cations m'madzi. Njirayi ili ndi kusankha bwino komanso kukhudzidwa. Zigawo zingapo zimatha kuyesedwa nthawi imodzi ndi kusankha kumodzi. The conductivity detector ndi anion kupatukana ndime angagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa F-, Cl-, Br-, SO32-, SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-; Mzere wolekanitsa wa cation ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, ndi zina zotero, pogwiritsa ntchito electrochemistry The detector imatha kuyeza I-, S2-, CN- ndi mankhwala enaake.
.
5. Spectrophotometry ndi teknoloji yowunikira jekeseni wothamanga
Kufufuza kwa machitidwe ena okhudzidwa kwambiri komanso osankhidwa kwambiri a chromogenic pakuwonetsetsa kwa spectrophotometric kwa ayoni achitsulo ndi ma ion omwe si achitsulo amakopabe chidwi. Spectrophotometry imatenga gawo lalikulu pakuwunika kwanthawi zonse. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kuphatikiza njirazi ndi ukadaulo wa jakisoni wothamanga kumatha kuphatikizira ntchito zambiri zama mankhwala monga distillation, m'zigawo, kuwonjezera ma reagents osiyanasiyana, kukula kwamtundu wa voliyumu nthawi zonse ndi kuyeza. Ndi ukadaulo wowunikira ma laboratory ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma laboratories. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina owunikira okha pa intaneti amtundu wamadzi. Ili ndi maubwino osayesa pang'ono, kulondola kwambiri, kuthamanga kwachangu, ndikupulumutsa ma reagents, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimatha kumasula ogwira ntchito ku ntchito zotopetsa, monga kuyeza NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, F-, CrO42-, Ca2+, etc. mu khalidwe la madzi. Ukadaulo wa jakisoni wa Flow ulipo. Chowunikira sichingagwiritse ntchito spectrophotometry yokha, komanso kuyamwa kwa atomiki, maelekitirodi osankhidwa a ion, ndi zina zotero.
.
6. Valence ndi kusanthula mawonekedwe
Zowononga zimapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana m'madzi, ndipo kawopsedwe kawo ku zamoyo zam'madzi ndi anthu ndizosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Cr6+ ndi poizoni kwambiri kuposa Cr3+, As3+ ndi poizoni kwambiri kuposa As5+, ndipo HgCl2 ndi poizoni kwambiri kuposa HgS. Miyezo yaubwino wa madzi ndi kuunikira kumatsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa mercury ndi alkyl mercury, hexavalent chromium ndi chromium yonse, Fe3+ ndi Fe2+, NH4+-N, NO2–N ndi NO3–N. Ma projekiti ena amatchulanso momwe angasefe. ndi okwana kuchuluka muyeso, etc. mu kafukufuku chilengedwe, kuti timvetse kuipitsidwa limagwirira ndi kusamuka ndi kusintha malamulo, sikoyenera kuphunzira ndi kusanthula valence adsorption boma ndi boma zovuta za inorganic zinthu, komanso kuphunzira makutidwe ndi okosijeni awo. ndi kuchepetsa chilengedwe (monga nitrosation wa mankhwala okhala ndi nayitrogeni). , nitrification kapena denitrification, etc.) ndi biological methylation ndi zina. Zitsulo zolemera zomwe zimapezeka mumtundu wa organic, monga alkyl lead, alkyl tin, ndi zina zotero, zikulandira chidwi kwambiri kuchokera kwa asayansi a zachilengedwe. Makamaka, pambuyo pa triphenyl tin, tributyl tin, ndi zina zotero.
.
2. Ukadaulo wowunika zowononga zachilengedwe
.
1. Kuyang'anira zinthu zomwe zimawononga mpweya
Pali zizindikiro zambiri zomwe zimawonetsa kuipitsidwa kwa matupi amadzi ndi zinthu zomwe zimadya mpweya wa okosijeni, monga permanganate index, CODCr, BOD5 (kuphatikizaponso zinthu zochepetsera zakuthupi monga sulfide, NH4+-N, NO2-N ndi NO3-N), Total organic matter carbon (TOC), total oxygen consumption (TOD). Zizindikirozi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira zotsatira za madzi owonongeka ndikuwunika momwe madzi aliri pamwamba. Zizindikirozi zimakhala ndi mgwirizano wina ndi mzake, koma matanthauzo awo akuthupi ndi osiyana ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusinthana wina ndi mzake. Chifukwa kapangidwe ka zinthu zamoyo zomwe zimawononga mpweya zimasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, kulumikizana kumeneku sikukhazikika, koma kumasiyana kwambiri. Zipangizo zamakono zowunikira zizindikirozi zakula, koma anthu akufufuzabe matekinoloje owunikira omwe angakhale ofulumira, osavuta, opulumutsa nthawi, komanso otsika mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, mita ya COD yofulumira ndi ma microbial sensor mofulumira BOD mita akugwiritsidwa ntchito kale.
.
2. Ukadaulo wowunikira gulu la organic zoipitsa
Kuyang'anira zowononga zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kumayambira pakuwunika kwamagulu a kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe. Chifukwa zida ndizosavuta, ndizosavuta kuchita m'ma laboratories wamba. Kumbali ina, ngati mavuto akulu apezeka pakuwunika m'magulu, kuzindikiritsa ndi kuwunikanso mitundu ina ya zinthu zachilengedwe zitha kuchitidwa. Mwachitsanzo, tikamayang'anira ma adsorbable halogenated hydrocarbons (AOX) ndikupeza kuti AOX ikupitilira muyezo, titha kugwiritsanso ntchito GC-ECD kuti tiwunikenso kuti tiphunzire kuti ndi mitundu iti ya hydrocarbon yomwe imaipitsa, ndi poizoni wanji, komwe kuipitsidwako kumachokera, ndi zina zambiri. . Zinthu zowunika m'gulu la zoipitsa za organic zikuphatikizapo: phenol, nitrobenzene, anilines, mineral oils, adsorbable hydrocarbons, ndi zina zotero. Njira zowunikira zilipo zamapulojekitiwa.
.
3. Kusanthula kwa organic zoipitsa
Kusanthula kwa organic zoipitsa kumatha kugawidwa mu VOCs, S-VOCs kusanthula ndi kusanthula kwazinthu zinazake. Njira yochotsera ndi kutchera GC-MS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza zinthu zosakhazikika za organic (VOCs), ndipo kutulutsa kwamadzimadzi kapena kutulutsa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa gawo la GC-MS kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza ma semi-volatile organic compounds (S-VOCs), omwe ndi kusanthula kwakukulu. Gwiritsani ntchito chromatography ya gasi kuti mulekanitse, gwiritsani ntchito chowunikira chamoto cha ionization (FID), chojambulira chamagetsi (ECD), chowunikira cha phosphorous cha nayitrogeni (NPD), chojambulira cha photoionization (PID), ndi zina zambiri kuti mudziwe zowononga zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana; gwiritsani ntchito madzi gawo Chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet detector (UV) kapena fluorescence detector (RF) kudziwa polycyclic onunkhira hydrocarbons, ketoni, asidi esters, phenols, etc.
.
4. Kuwunika kodziwikiratu komanso ukadaulo wowunikira umuna wonse
Environmental madzi khalidwe zodziwikiratu kuwunika kachitidwe makamaka kuwunika zinthu ochiritsira, monga madzi kutentha, mtundu, ndende, mpweya kusungunuka, pH, madutsidwe, permanganate index, CODCr, nayitrogeni okwana, phosphorous okwana, ammonia nayitrogeni, etc. Dziko lathu likukhazikitsa madzi basi. machitidwe oyang'anira bwino m'magawo ena ofunikira omwe amalamulidwa ndi dziko lonse komanso kufalitsa malipoti amtundu wa madzi sabata iliyonse pawailesi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kulimbikitsa chitetezo chamadzi.
Munthawi ya “Mapulani a Zaka zisanu ndi zinayi” ndi “Mapulani a Zaka Zisanu Chakhumi”, dziko langa lidzalamulira ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wokwanira wa CODCr, mafuta a mineral, cyanide, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium (VI), ndi lead, ndipo angafunike kudutsa mapulani angapo azaka zisanu. Pokhapokha pochita khama kwambiri kuti tichepetse kutulutsa kwathunthu pansi pa mphamvu ya chilengedwe cha madzi tingathe kusintha kwambiri chilengedwe cha madzi ndikubweretsa ku malo abwino. Chifukwa chake, mabizinesi akuluakulu oyipitsa amayenera kukhazikitsa malo osungiramo zinyalala ndi njira zoyezera zimbudzi, kukhazikitsa mita yotaya madzi am'madzi ndi zida zowunikira mosalekeza pa intaneti monga CODCr, ammonia, mafuta amchere, ndi pH kuti akwaniritse kuwunika kwenikweni kwakuyenda kwa zimbudzi zamabizinesi. ndende yowononga. ndi kutsimikizira kuchuluka kwa zowononga zonse zomwe zatulutsidwa.
.
5 Kuyang'anira mwachangu ngozi zakuwonongeka kwa madzi
Zikwi za ngozi zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zowononga zachilengedwe zimachitika chaka chilichonse, zomwe sizimangowononga chilengedwe komanso chilengedwe, komanso zimawopseza mwachindunji moyo wa anthu ndi chitetezo cha katundu ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu (monga tafotokozera pamwambapa). Njira zodziwira ngozi zadzidzidzi zangozi zowononga ndi monga:
①Njira yothamanga ya zida: monga mpweya wosungunuka, pH mita, chromatograph ya gasi yonyamula, mita ya FTIR, ndi zina zambiri.
② Chubu chodziwikiratu mwachangu komanso njira yodziwira mapepala: monga chubu chodziwikiratu cha H2S (mapepala oyesera), chubu chodziwikiratu cha CODCr, chubu chozindikira zitsulo zolemera, ndi zina zambiri.
③Kusanthula kwa labotale pamasamba, ndi zina.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-11-2024
