1. Kodi zizindikiro zazikulu zamadzi onyansa ndi ziti?
⑴Kutentha: Kutentha kwa madzi oipa kumakhudza kwambiri njira yoyeretsera madzi oipa. Kutentha kumakhudza mwachindunji ntchito ya tizilombo. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwamadzi m'malo otsukira zimbudzi zamatawuni kumakhala pakati pa 10 ndi 25 digiri Celsius. Kutentha kwa madzi otayira m'mafakitale kumakhudzana ndi kupanga kutulutsa madzi oyipa.
⑵ Mtundu: Mtundu wamadzi oyipa umadalira zomwe zasungunuka, zolimba zoyimitsidwa kapena colloidal m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri zimbudzi za m'tauni zatsopano zimakhala zotuwa. Ngati ili mumtundu wa anaerobic, mtunduwo umakhala wakuda komanso wakuda. Mitundu yamadzi otayira m'mafakitale imasiyanasiyana. Madzi owonongeka opangira mapepala nthawi zambiri amakhala akuda, madzi otayira ambewu a distiller amakhala achikasu-bulauni, ndipo madzi otayira a electroplating amakhala obiriwira obiriwira.
⑶ Fungo: Fungo la madzi oipa limadza chifukwa cha zoipitsa m’zinyansi za m’nyumba kapena m’madzi otayira m’mafakitale. Kuyerekeza kwamadzi onyansa kungadziwike mwachindunji ndi kununkhiza kwa fungo. Zimbudzi zatsopano zam'tawuni zimakhala ndi fungo loyipa. Ngati fungo la mazira ovunda likuwoneka, nthawi zambiri limasonyeza kuti zimbudzi zakhala zofufumitsa kuti zipange mpweya wa hydrogen sulfide. Ogwiritsa ntchito amayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo oletsa ma virus pogwira ntchito.
⑷ Turbidity: Turbidity ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimafotokoza kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamadzi otayira. Nthawi zambiri imatha kuzindikirika ndi mita ya turbidity, koma turbidity sangalowe m'malo mwa zolimba zomwe zayimitsidwa chifukwa mtundu umasokoneza kuzindikira kwa turbidity.
⑸ Conductivity: Machulukidwe amadzi otayira nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ayoni m'madzi, komwe kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zasungunuka m'madzi omwe akubwera. Ngati madutsidwe akukwera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala chizindikiro cha kutulutsa kwamadzi otayira m'mafakitale.
⑹Zinthu zolimba: Mawonekedwe (SS, DS, etc.) ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba m'madzi oyipa zimawonetsa momwe madzi akutayira amachitira komanso ndizothandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera njira yopangira mankhwala.
⑺ Kuchuluka kwa madzi: Zodetsedwa m'madzi onyansa zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu inayi: kusungunuka, colloidal, free and precipitable. Zoyamba zitatu ndizosawerengeka. Zonyansa zomwe zimagwa nthawi zambiri zimayimira zinthu zomwe zimatuluka mkati mwa mphindi 30 kapena ola limodzi.
2. Kodi zizindikiro za mankhwala amadzi onyansa ndi ziti?
Pali zizindikiro zambiri zamakina amadzi onyansa, omwe amatha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: ① Zizindikiro zamtundu wamadzi zonse, monga pH mtengo, kuuma, alkalinity, chlorine yotsalira, anions osiyanasiyana ndi ma cations, etc.; ② Zizindikiro za zinthu za organic, kufunikira kwa okosijeni wachilengedwe kwa BOD5, Kufunika kwa Chemical oxygen CODCr, TOD yofunikira ya oxygen ndi organic carbon TOC, ndi zina zambiri; ③ Zowonetsa zokhala ndi michere, monga ammonia nayitrogeni, nayitrogeni wa nitrate, nayitrogeni wa nitrite, nayitrogeni, ndi zina; ④ Zizindikiro zapoizoni, monga mafuta, zitsulo zolemera, ma cyanides, ma sulfide, ma polycyclic onunkhira ma hydrocarboni, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chlorinated organic ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo, etc.
M'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ochotsera zinyalala, mapulojekiti owunikira omwe ali oyenera mawonekedwe amadzi akuyenera kutsimikiziridwa potengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa m'madzi omwe akubwera.
3. Kodi zizindikiro zazikulu za mankhwala zomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa m'malo osungira zimbudzi ndi ziti?
Zizindikiro zazikulu zamakemikolo zomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa m'mafakitale otsuka zimbudzi ndi izi:
⑴ Phindu la pH: Mtengo wa pH ungadziwike poyesa kuchuluka kwa ayoni wa haidrojeni m'madzi. Phindu la pH limakhudza kwambiri machiritso amadzi otayira, ndipo ma nitrification amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH. Mtengo wa pH wa zonyansa zam'tawuni nthawi zambiri zimakhala pakati pa 6 ndi 8. Ngati zidutsa izi, nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza kuti madzi ambiri otayira m'mafakitale amatayidwa. Kwa madzi otayira m'mafakitale omwe ali ndi zinthu za acidic kapena zamchere, chithandizo cha neutralization chimafunika musanalowe m'dongosolo lachilengedwe.
⑵Alkalinity: Alkalinity imatha kuwonetsa kuthekera kwa asidi kusungitsa madzi oyipa panthawi yamankhwala. Ngati madzi otayira ali ndi alkalinity yochulukirapo, amatha kulepheretsa kusintha kwa pH ndikupanga mtengo wa pH kukhala wokhazikika. Alkalinity imayimira zomwe zili muzakudya zamadzi zomwe zimaphatikiza ma ayoni a haidrojeni mu ma acid amphamvu. Kukula kwa alkalinity kungayesedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa asidi amphamvu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsanzo cha madzi panthawi ya titration.
⑶CODCr: CODCr ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo zomwe zili m'madzi oipa zomwe zimatha kupangidwa ndi okosijeni wamphamvu wa potaziyamu dichromate, woyezedwa mu mg/L wa okosijeni.
⑷BOD5: BOD5 ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofunikira kuti biodegradation ya zinthu zamoyo ziwonongeke m'madzi onyansa, ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha biodegradability ya madzi oipa.
⑸Nayitrojeni: M'mafakitale otsuka zimbudzi, kusintha ndi kugawa kwa nayitrogeni kumapereka magawo oyendetsera ntchitoyi. Zomwe zili mu nayitrogeni wa organic ndi ammonia nitrogen m'madzi omwe akubwera azimbudzi zimakhala zambiri, pomwe nayitrogeni wa nitrate ndi nayitrogeni wa nitrite nthawi zambiri amakhala wochepa. Kuwonjezeka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni mu thanki yoyamba ya sedimentation kumasonyeza kuti matope okhazikika asanduka anaerobic, pamene kuwonjezeka kwa nitrate nitrogen ndi nitrite nitrogen mu thanki yachiwiri ya sedimentation kumasonyeza kuti nitrification yachitika. Nayitrogeni wopezeka m'zimbudzi zapakhomo nthawi zambiri amakhala 20 mpaka 80 mg/L, pomwe nayitrogeni wa organic ndi 8 mpaka 35 mg/L, ammonia nitrogen ndi 12 mpaka 50 mg/L, ndipo zomwe zili mu nitrate nitrogen ndi nitrite nitrogen ndizochepa kwambiri. Zomwe zili mu nayitrogeni wa organic, ammonia nayitrogeni, nayitrogeni wa nitrate ndi nayitrogeni wa nitrite m'madzi otayira m'mafakitale amasiyana kuchokera kumadzi kupita kumadzi. Nayitrogeni m'madzi ena otayira m'mafakitale ndi otsika kwambiri. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achilengedwe, feteleza wa nayitrogeni ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti awonjezere nayitrogeni yofunikira ndi tizilombo. , ndipo pamene mpweya wa nayitrogeni m'madzi otayira wakwera kwambiri, chithandizo cha denitrification chimafunika kuti tipewe kufalikira kwa eutrophication m'madzi omwe akulandira.
⑹ Phosphorus: Phosphorous yomwe ili m'madzi am'madzi achilengedwe nthawi zambiri imakhala 2 mpaka 20 mg/L, pomwe phosphorous organic ndi 1 mpaka 5 mg/L ndipo phosphorous inorganic ndi 1 mpaka 15 mg/L. Kuchuluka kwa phosphorous m'madzi otayira m'mafakitale kumasiyana kwambiri. Madzi ena otayira m'mafakitale amakhala ndi phosphorous yochepa kwambiri. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achilengedwe, feteleza wa phosphate amafunika kuwonjezeredwa kuti awonjezere phosphorous yofunikira ndi tizilombo. Pamene phosphorous zili mu nyansi ndi kwambiri, , ndi phosphorous kuchotsa chithandizo chofunika kupewa eutrophication mu kulandira madzi thupi.
⑺Petroleum: Mafuta ambiri m'madzi oipa sasungunuka m'madzi ndipo amayandama pamadzi. Mafuta omwe amalowa m'madzi obwera adzakhudza mphamvu ya oxygenation ndikuchepetsa ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'zimbudzi zosakanikirana zomwe zimalowa m'thupi lachilengedwe siziyenera kupitirira 30 mpaka 50 mg/L.
⑻Zitsulo zolemera: Zitsulo zolemera m'madzi otayidwa makamaka zimachokera kumadzi otayira m'mafakitale ndipo ndi poizoni kwambiri. Malo osungiramo zimbudzi nthawi zambiri alibe njira zabwino zochiritsira. Nthawi zambiri amafunika kuthandizidwa pamalo ochitira msonkhano kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya dziko lonse asanalowe mu ngalande. Ngati zitsulo zolemera zomwe zili m'madzi otayira kuchokera kumalo osungiramo zimbudzi zikuwonjezeka, nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza kuti pali vuto ndi pretreatment.
⑼ Sulfidi: Pamene sulfide m'madzi iposa 0.5mg/L, imakhala ndi fungo lonyansa la mazira ovunda ndipo limawononga, nthawi zina limayambitsa poizoni wa hydrogen sulfide.
⑽Chlorine yotsalira: Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chlorine popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timayenda, chlorine yotsalira m'madzi otayira (kuphatikizapo chlorine yotsalira ndi chlorine yotsalira) ndi chizindikiro chowongolera njira yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. osapitirira 0.3 mg / L.
4. Kodi zizindikiro za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi chiyani?
The kwachilengedwenso zizindikiro za madzi oipa monga chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya, chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya coliform, zosiyanasiyana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mavairasi, etc. Zinyalala zipatala, olowa nyama processing mabizinezi, etc. ayenera mankhwala asanatulutsidwe. Miyezo yofunikira yapadziko lonse yotulutsa madzi oyipa yanena izi. Malo oyeretsera zimbudzi nthawi zambiri sazindikira ndikuwongolera zizindikiro zachilengedwe m'madzi omwe akubwera, koma kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumafunika kuti zimbudzi zoyeretsedwa zisanatayidwe kuti zithetse kuipitsidwa kwa malo omwe amalandira ndi zimbudzi zoyeretsedwa. Ngati madzi otayira achiwiri achilengedwe athandizidwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti aphedwe ndi mankhwala asanagwiritsidwenso ntchito.
⑴ Chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya: Chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiritso chowunika ukhondo wamadzi ndikuwunika momwe madzi amayeretsedwa. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya kumasonyeza kuti madzi ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi osauka, koma sangasonyeze mwachindunji momwe zimawonongera thupi la munthu. Iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa fecal coliforms kuti mudziwe momwe madzi alili otetezeka m'thupi la munthu.
⑵Kuchuluka kwa ma coliforms: Kuchuluka kwa ma coliform m'madzi kumatha kuwonetsa mosadukiza kuthekera kwakuti m'madzimo muli mabakiteriya am'mimba (monga typhoid, kamwazi, kolera, ndi zina), motero amakhala ngati chizindikiro chaukhondo kuti munthu akhale ndi thanzi. Zonyansa zikagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati madzi osiyanasiyana kapena madzi am'malo, zimatha kukhudzana ndi thupi la munthu. Panthawi imeneyi, kuchuluka kwa ndowe za coliform ziyenera kudziwika.
⑶ Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana toyambitsa matenda ndi ma virus: Matenda ambiri obwera chifukwa cha ma virus amatha kufalikira kudzera m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, mavairasi omwe amayambitsa matenda a chiwindi, poliyo ndi matenda ena amapezeka m'matumbo a munthu, amalowa m'chimbudzi cha m'nyumba kudzera mu ndowe za wodwalayo, ndiyeno amatulutsidwa m'chimbudzi. . Njira yochotsera zimbudzi ili ndi mphamvu zochepa zochotsera ma virus amenewa. Pamene mankhwala onyansa atayidwa, ngati mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito madzi olandirira uli ndi zofunikira zapadera za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mavairasi, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuyesa kumafunika.
5. Kodi ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zimawonetsa zomwe zili mumadzi?
Pambuyo organic kanthu amalowa m'madzi thupi, adzakhala oxidized ndi decomposed pansi zochita za tizilombo, pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa kusungunuka mpweya m'madzi. Pamene makutidwe ndi okosijeni amapita mofulumira kwambiri ndipo thupi lamadzi silingathe kutenga mpweya wokwanira kuchokera kumlengalenga panthawi yobwezeretsa mpweya wonyezimira, mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi ukhoza kutsika kwambiri (monga osachepera 3 ~ 4mg / L), zomwe zidzakhudza madzi. zamoyo. chofunika pakukula bwino. Mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi ukatha, zinthu zamoyo zimayamba kugaya anaerobic, kutulutsa fungo komanso kusokoneza ukhondo.
Popeza kuti zinthu zamoyo zomwe zili m'zimbudzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kusakaniza zigawo zingapo, n'zovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa chigawo chilichonse chimodzi ndi chimodzi. M'malo mwake, zizindikiro zina zomveka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuyimira zomwe zili m'madzi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya zizindikiro zonse zosonyeza zomwe zili m'madzi. Chimodzi ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimawonetsedwa pakufunidwa kwa okosijeni (O2) chofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili m'madzi, monga kufunikira kwa okosijeni wachilengedwe (BOD), kufunikira kwa okosijeni wamankhwala (COD), ndi kuchuluka kwa oxygen (TOD). ; Mtundu wina ndi chizindikiro chowonetsedwa mu carbon (C), monga organic carbon TOC. Kwa mtundu womwewo wa zimbudzi, zikhalidwe za zizindikirozi zimakhala zosiyana. Dongosolo la manambala ndi TOD>CODCr>BOD5>TOC
6. Kodi kaboni wachilengedwe chonse ndi chiyani?
Total organic carbon TOC (chidule cha Total Organic Carbon mu Chingerezi) ndi chizindikiro chokwanira chomwe chimafotokoza mosalunjika zomwe zili m'madzi. Deta yomwe imawonetsa ndi kuchuluka kwa kaboni m'zamoyo zam'madzi, ndipo gawolo limawonetsedwa mu mg/L wa carbon (C). . Mfundo yoyezera TOC ndiyoyamba kupanga acidity ya madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni kuwomba mpweya wa carbonate mu zitsanzo zamadzi kuti athetse kusokoneza, kenako bayani madzi enaake mumayendedwe a okosijeni ndi zomwe zimadziwika ndi okosijeni, ndikuzitumiza ku. chitoliro chachitsulo cha platinamu. Amawotchedwa mu chubu choyaka cha quartz ngati chothandizira pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa 900oC mpaka 950oC. Chowunikira cha gasi chosabalalika chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa CO2 yomwe imapangidwa panthawi yakuyaka, ndiyeno zomwe zili mu kaboni zimawerengedwa, zomwe ndi organic carbon TOC (kuti mumve zambiri, onani GB13193-91). Nthawi yoyezera imangotenga mphindi zochepa.
The TOC ya zimbudzi wamba m'tawuni akhoza kufika 200mg/L. TOC yamadzi otayira m'mafakitale ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imafikira makumi masauzande a mg/L. TOC ya zimbudzi pambuyo pa chithandizo chachiwiri chachilengedwe nthawi zambiri<50mg> 7. Kodi mpweya wokwanira ukufunika bwanji?
Kufunika kwa okosijeni kokwanira kwa TOD (chidule cha Total Oxygen Demand in English) kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofunikira pamene zinthu zochepetsera (makamaka za organic) m'madzi zimatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwambiri ndikukhala ma oxide okhazikika. Zotsatira zake zimayesedwa mu mg/L. Mtengo wa TOD ukhoza kuwonetsa mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene pafupifupi zinthu zonse zamoyo zomwe zili m'madzi (kuphatikizapo carbon C, hydrogen H, oxygen O, nitrogen N, phosphorous P, sulfure S, etc.) zatenthedwa kukhala CO2, H2O, NOx, SO2, etc. kuchuluka. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mtengo wa TOD nthawi zambiri ndi waukulu kuposa mtengo wa CODCr. Pakalipano, TOD siinaphatikizidwe mu miyezo ya khalidwe la madzi m'dziko langa, koma imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zonyansa.
Mfundo yoyezera TOD ndiyo kulowetsa madzi enaake mumayendedwe a okosijeni omwe amadziwika ndi okosijeni, ndikutumiza mu chubu choyaka cha quartz chokhala ndi chitsulo cha platinamu monga chothandizira, ndikuwotcha nthawi yomweyo kutentha kwambiri kwa 900oC. Zomwe zimapangidwira m'madzi amadzi Ndiko kuti, zimakhala ndi okosijeni ndipo zimadya mpweya wa okosijeni. Kuchuluka koyambirira kwa okosijeni mukuyenda kwa okosijeni kuchotsera mpweya wotsalawo ndizomwe zimafunikira mpweya wonse wa TOD. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni mukuyenda kwa okosijeni kumatha kuyeza pogwiritsa ntchito maelekitirodi, kotero kuyeza kwa TOD kumangotenga mphindi zochepa.
8. Kodi okosijeni wa biochemical amafuna chiyani?
Dzina lonse la kufunikira kwa okosijeni wa biochemical ndi kufuna kwa okosijeni wa biochemical, komwe ndi Biochemical Oxygen Demand mu Chingerezi ndipo amafupikitsidwa ngati BOD. Zimatanthawuza kuti kutentha kwa 20oC komanso pansi pazikhalidwe za aerobic, kumadyedwa muzotsatira za biochemical oxidation ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa zinthu zamoyo m'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wosungunuka ndi kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wofunikira kuti akhazikitse zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka m'madzi. Gawoli ndi mg/L. BOD sikuti imaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umadyedwa ndi kukula, kubereka kapena kupuma kwa tizilombo ta aerobic m'madzi, komanso kumaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa zinthu zakuthupi monga sulfide ndi chitsulo chachitsulo, koma gawo la gawoli nthawi zambiri limakhala. yaying'ono kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa BOD kumakhala kokulirapo, komwe kumakhala m'madzi.
M'mikhalidwe ya aerobic, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timawola zinthu zamoyo m'njira ziwiri: gawo la oxidation la zinthu zokhala ndi kaboni ndi gawo la nitrification la zinthu zokhala ndi nayitrogeni. Pansi pa chilengedwe cha 20oC, nthawi yofunikira kuti zinthu za organic zifike pagawo la nitrification, ndiye kuti, kuti zitheke kuwonongeka ndi kukhazikika, ndi masiku opitilira 100. Komabe, kwenikweni, mpweya wa biochemical umafuna BOD20 ya masiku 20 pa 20oC pafupifupi imayimira kufunikira kwathunthu kwa okosijeni wa biochemical. Popanga ntchito, masiku 20 amaonedwa kuti ndiatali kwambiri, ndipo kufunikira kwa okosijeni wa biochemical (BOD5) kwa masiku 5 pa 20 ° C nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiritso choyezera zomwe zili m'chimbudzi. Zochitika zimasonyeza kuti BOD5 ya zimbudzi zapakhomo ndi zimbudzi zosiyanasiyana kupanga ndi za 70 ~ 80% ya wathunthu biochemical mpweya mpweya amafuna BOD20.
BOD5 ndi gawo lofunikira pakuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zimbudzi zamadzimadzi. Mtengo wa BOD5 ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wofunikira kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni a zinthu zamoyo zizikhala m'madzi oipa. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofunikira pakukhazikika kwa zinthu zokhala ndi mpweya wa carbon zitha kutchedwa carbon BOD5. Ngati oxidized yowonjezera, nitrification reaction imatha kuchitika. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofunika ndi mabakiteriya nitrifying kusintha ammonia nayitrogeni kukhala nitrate nayitrogeni ndi nitrite nayitrogeni angatchedwe nitrification. BOD5. Malo opangira zimbudzi zachiwiri amatha kungochotsa kaboni BOD5, koma osati nitrification BOD5. Popeza kuti nitrification reaction imachitika panthawi ya chithandizo chachilengedwe chochotsa kaboni BOD5, mtengo woyezera wa BOD5 ndi wapamwamba kuposa kumwa kwenikweni kwa okosijeni wa zinthu zamoyo.
Kuyeza kwa BOD kumatenga nthawi yayitali, ndipo muyeso wa BOD5 womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri umafunika masiku asanu. Chifukwa chake, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pakuwunika momwe zimakhalira komanso kuwongolera kwanthawi yayitali. Pamalo enieni ochizira zimbudzi, mgwirizano pakati pa BOD5 ndi CODCr ukhoza kukhazikitsidwa, ndipo CODCr ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pafupifupi kuyerekezera mtengo wa BOD5 kuti utsogolere kusintha kwa chithandizo.
9. Kodi okosijeni wa makemikolo amafuna chiyani?
Kufunika kwa okosijeni wa Chemical mu Chingerezi ndiye Chemical Oxygen Demand. Amatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa okosijeni omwe amadyedwa ndi kuyanjana pakati pa zinthu zamoyo m'madzi ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera (monga potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, etc.) pansi pazifukwa zina, zosinthidwa kukhala mpweya. mu mg/l.
Potaziyamu dichromate ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati okosijeni, pafupifupi zonse (90% ~ 95%) za organic zomwe zili m'madzi zimatha kukhala oxidized. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyi kusinthidwa kukhala okosijeni ndizomwe zimatchedwa kufunikira kwa okosijeni wamankhwala, nthawi zambiri amafupikitsidwa monga CODCr (onani GB 11914-89 kuti mupeze njira zina zowunikira). Mtengo wa CODCr wa zimbudzi sikuti umangophatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa okosijeni wa pafupifupi zinthu zonse zamoyo m'madzi, komanso kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa okosijeni wa kuchepetsa zinthu zakuthupi monga nitrite, mchere wa ferrous, ndi sulfide m'madzi.
10. Kodi potassium permanganate index (kugwiritsa ntchito oxygen) ndi chiyani?
Kufunika kwa okosijeni kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu permanganate monga oxidant imatchedwa potassium permanganate index (onani GB 11892-89 kuti mudziwe njira zowunikira) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya, chidule cha Chingerezi ndi CODMn kapena OC, ndipo unit ndi mg/L .
Popeza mphamvu ya okosijeni ya potassium permanganate ndi yofooka kuposa ya potassium dichromate, mtengo weniweni wa CODMn wa potassium permanganate index wa madzi omwewo nthawi zambiri umakhala wotsika kuposa mtengo wake wa CODCr, ndiko kuti, CODMn ingangoimira organic matter kapena inorganic matter. amene mosavuta oxidized m'madzi. zomwe zili. Chifukwa chake, dziko langa, Europe ndi United States ndi mayiko ena ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito CODCr ngati chizindikiritso chokwanira chowongolera kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu, ndikungogwiritsa ntchito potassium permanganate index CODMn ngati chizindikiritso chowunika ndikuwunika zomwe zili m'madzi padziko lapansi. monga madzi a m’nyanja, mitsinje, nyanja, ndi zina zotero kapena madzi akumwa.
Popeza potaziyamu permanganate ilibe oxidizing pa zinthu za organic monga benzene, cellulose, organic acid, ndi amino acid, pomwe potaziyamu dichromate imatha kutulutsa pafupifupi zinthu zonse za organic, CODCr imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa kwa madzi oyipa ndikuwongolera. kuchiza zimbudzi. Zolinga za ndondomekoyi ndizoyenera kwambiri. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti kutsimikiza kwa potassium permanganate index CODMn ndikosavuta komanso kofulumira, CODMn imagwiritsidwabe ntchito kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa, ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo zomwe zili m'madzi abwino kwambiri, poyesa madzi.
11. Kodi mungadziwe bwanji kuwonongeka kwa madzi onyansa posanthula BOD5 ndi CODCr yamadzi onyansa?
Madzi akakhala ndi zinthu zapoizoni, mtengo wa BOD5 m'madzi oyipa nthawi zambiri sungathe kuyeza molondola. Mtengo wa CODCr ukhoza kuyeza bwino zomwe zili m'madzi, koma mtengo wa CODCr sungathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zowola ndi zosawola. Anthu amazolowera kuyeza BOD5/CODCr ya zimbudzi kuti aweruze kuwonongeka kwake. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati BOD5/CODCr ya zimbudzi ndi yayikulu kuposa 0.3, itha kuthandizidwa ndi biodegradation. Ngati BOD5/CODCr ya zimbudzi ndi yotsika kuposa 0.2, itha kuganiziridwa. Gwiritsani ntchito njira zina zothana nazo.
12.Kodi pali ubale wotani pakati pa BOD5 ndi CODCr?
Kufunika kwa okosijeni wa biochemical (BOD5) kumayimira kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wofunikira pakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa zowononga zachilengedwe m'zinyalala. Ikhoza kufotokoza molunjika vutolo mu lingaliro la biochemical. Choncho, BOD5 si chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri cha madzi, komanso chizindikiro cha biology ya zimbudzi. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chowongolera panthawi yokonza. Komabe, BOD5 imakhalanso ndi zoletsa zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyamba, nthawi yoyezera ndi yaitali (masiku 5), omwe sangathe kuwonetsera ndi kutsogolera ntchito ya zida zogwiritsira ntchito zimbudzi panthawi yake. Chachiwiri, zimbudzi zina zopangira sizikhala ndi mikhalidwe yakukulira ndi kubereka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (monga kukhalapo kwa zinthu zapoizoni). ), mtengo wake wa BOD5 sungadziwike.
Kufunika kwa okosijeni wa Chemical CODCr imawonetsa zomwe zili muzinthu zonse zamoyo ndikuchepetsa zinthu zonyansa m'zimbudzi, koma sizingafotokozere vutolo mwanjira yamankhwala am'chilengedwe monga kufunikira kwa okosijeni wa biochemical BOD5. M'mawu ena, kuyezetsa kufunika kwa okosijeni wa CODCr wa zimbudzi kumatha kudziwa bwino lomwe zomwe zili m'madzi, koma kufunikira kwa okosijeni wa CODCr sikungathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zowola ndi zinthu zosawonongeka.
Mtengo wa CODCr wa okosijeni womwe umafunidwa ndi mankhwala nthawi zambiri umakhala wapamwamba kuposa mtengo wa BOD5 wa okosijeni womwe umafunidwa ndi biochemical, ndipo kusiyana kwake kumatha kuwonetsa zomwe zili m'chimbudzi zomwe sizingawonongeke ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Kwa zimbudzi zokhala ndi zida zoipitsa zosakhazikika, CODCr ndi BOD5 nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ubale wofananira ndipo zimatha kuwerengeredwa kuchokera kwina. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyeza kwa CODCr kumatenga nthawi yochepa. Malinga ndi njira yadziko lonse ya reflux kwa maola a 2, zimangotenga 3 mpaka maola 4 kuchokera ku sampuli kupita ku zotsatira, pamene kuyeza mtengo wa BOD5 kumatenga masiku asanu. Choncho, mu ntchito yeniyeni yochotsera zimbudzi ndi kasamalidwe, CODCr nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro chowongolera.
Kuti ziwongolere ntchito zopanga mwachangu momwe zingathere, malo ena otsukira zimbudzi apanganso miyezo yamakampani yoyezera CODCr mu reflux kwa mphindi zisanu. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zoyezedwa zimakhala ndi zolakwika zina ndi njira yamtundu wa dziko, chifukwa cholakwikacho ndi cholakwika mwadongosolo, zotsatira zowunikira mosalekeza zimatha kuwonetsa bwino madzi. Kusintha kwenikweni kwa kayendedwe ka zimbudzi kumatha kuchepetsedwa mpaka osakwana ola la 1, zomwe zimapereka chitsimikizo cha nthawi yosinthira magawo ogwiritsira ntchito zimbudzi ndikuletsa kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwamadzi kuti zisakhudze dongosolo lachimbudzi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ubwino wa madzi otayira kuchokera ku chipangizo chochotsera zimbudzi umakhala bwino. Mtengo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-14-2023
