56.Kodi njira zoyezera mafuta amafuta ndi ziti?
Petroleum ndi chosakaniza chovuta chopangidwa ndi ma alkanes, cycloalkanes, ma hydrocarbon onunkhira, ma hydrocarbon osapangidwa ndi ma sulfure ndi ma nitrogen oxide ochepa. Pamiyezo yamadzi, mafuta a petroleum amatchulidwa ngati chizindikiro cha toxicological komanso chizindikiro chachitetezo cha anthu kuti ateteze zamoyo zam'madzi, chifukwa mafuta amafuta amakhudza kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi. Mafuta amafuta m'madzi akakhala pakati pa 0.01 ndi 0.1mg/L, amasokoneza kudyetsa ndi kuberekana kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Choncho, madzi abwino a m'nyanja ya nsomba za m'dziko langa sayenera kupitirira 0.05 mg/L, madzi amthirira m'ulimi asapitirire 5.0 mg/L, komanso kuti madzi a m'madzi a m'madzi asamapitirire 10 mg/L. Nthawi zambiri, mafuta amafuta onyansa omwe amalowa mu thanki ya aeration sangapitirire 50mg/L.
Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake komanso kusiyanasiyana kwamafuta amafuta, kuphatikizidwa ndi malire a njira zowunikira, ndizovuta kukhazikitsa mulingo wolumikizana womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pamene mafuta ali m'madzi ndi> 10 mg / L, njira ya gravimetric ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kudziwa. Choyipa chake ndi chakuti ntchitoyo ndi yovuta ndipo mafuta opepuka amatayika mosavuta pamene mafuta a petroleum ether amatuluka nthunzi ndikuuma. Pamene mafuta ali m'madzi ndi 0.05 ~ 10 mg/L, ma photoometry osabalalika a infrared, infrared spectrophotometry ndi ultraviolet spectrophotometry angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeza. Non-dispersive infrared photometry ndi infrared photometry ndi miyeso yapadziko lonse pakuyesa kwa petroleum. (GB/T16488-1996). UV spectrophotometry imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka posanthula ma hydrocarbon onunkhira komanso owopsa. Amatanthawuza zinthu zomwe zimatha kutulutsidwa ndi petroleum ether ndikukhala ndi mayamwidwe pamafunde enieni. Siziphatikiza mitundu yonse yamafuta amafuta.
57. Njira zodzitetezera poyezera mafuta amafuta ndi ziti?
The m'zigawo wothandizila ntchito dispersive infuraredi photometry ndi infuraredi photometry ndi carbon tetrachloride kapena trichlorotrifluoroethane, ndi m'zigawo wothandizila ntchito gravimetric njira ndi ultraviolet spectrophotometry ndi petroleum ether. Zopangira izi ndi zapoizoni ndipo ziyenera kusamaliridwa mosamala komanso mu fume hood.
Mafuta okhazikika ayenera kukhala mafuta a petroleum ether kapena carbon tetrachloride extract kuchokera m'chimbudzi kuti awonedwe. Nthawi zina mafuta ena odziwika amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, kapena n-hexadecane, isooctane ndi benzene angagwiritsidwe ntchito molingana ndi chiŵerengero cha 65:25:10. Kupangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa voliyumu. Mafuta a petroleum ether omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mafuta okhazikika, kujambula ma curve wamba amafuta ndi kuyeza zitsanzo zamadzi oyipa akuyenera kukhala kuchokera ku nambala yomweyi, apo ayi zolakwika mwadongosolo zitha kuchitika chifukwa chamitundu yopanda kanthu.
Zitsanzo zosiyana zimafunika poyezera mafuta. Nthawi zambiri, botolo lagalasi lapakamwa lalikulu limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsanzo. Mabotolo apulasitiki sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo chitsanzo cha madzi sichingadzaze botolo lachitsanzo, ndipo payenera kukhala kusiyana. Ngati chitsanzo cha madzi sichingawunikidwe tsiku lomwelo, hydrochloric acid kapena sulfuric acid akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuti apange pH mtengo.<2 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and stored in a 4oc refrigerator. piston on separatory funnel cannot be coated with oily grease such as vaseline.
58. Kodi zizindikiro za khalidwe la madzi za zitsulo zolemera wamba ndi inorganic sanali zitsulo poizoni ndi zoipa zinthu?
Zitsulo zolemera wamba ndi inorganic sanali zitsulo poizoni ndi zoipa zinthu m'madzi makamaka mercury, cadmium, chromium, lead ndi sulfide, cyanide, fluoride, arsenic, selenium, etc. Zizindikiro za khalidwe la madzi izi ndi poizoni kuonetsetsa thanzi la munthu kapena kuteteza zamoyo zam'madzi. . zizindikiro za thupi. National Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996) ili ndi malamulo okhwima pazizindikiro zakutulutsa kwamadzi onyansa okhala ndi zinthu izi.
Kwa zomera zowonongeka kwa zimbudzi zomwe madzi omwe akubwera amakhala ndi zinthu izi, zomwe zili ndi zinthu zoopsazi ndi zovulaza m'madzi omwe akubwera ndi madzi otsekemera a tank sedimentation yachiwiri ayenera kuyesedwa mosamala kuti atsimikizire kuti miyezo yotulutsidwa ikukwaniritsidwa. Zikadziwika kuti madzi obwera kapena zotayira zomwe zikubwera zikupitilira muyezo, njira ziyenera kuchitidwa nthawi yomweyo kuwonetsetsa kuti zotayirazo zifika pamlingo mwachangu polimbitsa kuyeretsedwa kale ndikusintha magawo oyendetsera zimbudzi. Pachimbudzi chachiwiri, sulfide ndi cyanide ndizizindikiro ziwiri zodziwika bwino zamadzi azinthu zopanda zitsulo zapoizoni komanso zovulaza.
59.Ndi mitundu ingati ya sulfide yomwe ilipo m'madzi?
Mitundu yayikulu ya sulfure yomwe ilipo m'madzi ndi sulfates, sulfides ndi organic sulfides. Pakati pawo, sulfide ili ndi mitundu itatu: H2S, HS- ndi S2-. Kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe aliwonse kumakhudzana ndi pH mtengo wamadzi. Pansi acidic mikhalidwe Pamene pH mtengo ndi apamwamba kuposa 8, makamaka alipo mu mawonekedwe a H2S. Pamene pH mtengo ndi wokulirapo kuposa 8, umakhalapo makamaka mu mawonekedwe a HS- ndi S2-. Kupezeka kwa sulfide m'madzi nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza kuti ali ndi kachilomboka. Madzi otayira omwe amachotsedwa m'mafakitale ena, makamaka oyenga mafuta, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi sulfide yambiri. Pansi pa zochita za mabakiteriya anaerobic, sulphate m'madzi amathanso kuchepetsedwa kukhala sulfide.
The sulfide zili m'zimbudzi ku mbali zofunika za zimbudzi mankhwala dongosolo ayenera kusanthula mosamala kupewa hydrogen sulfide poizoni. Makamaka kwa polowera ndi kutulutsa madzi a kuvula desulfurization wagawo, okhutira sulfide mwachindunji limasonyeza zotsatira za vula unit ndi ulamuliro chizindikiro. Pofuna kupewa kuchuluka kwa sulfide m'madzi achilengedwe, muyezo wapadziko lonse wamadzi otayirira umanena kuti sulfide sayenera kupitilira 1.0mg/L. Pamene ntchito aerobic yachiwiri kwachilengedwenso mankhwala a zimbudzi, ngati sulfide ndende mu madzi ukubwera ndi m'munsimu 20mg/L, yogwira Ngati sludge ntchito zabwino ndi sludge otsala kutayidwa mu nthawi, ndi sulfide zili sekondale sedimentation thanki madzi akhoza. kufika pa muyezo. Mafuta a sulfide omwe ali m'madzi otayira kuchokera muthanki yachiwiri ya sedimentation ayenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse kuti aone ngati madzi otayira akukwaniritsa miyezo ndikuwona momwe angasinthire magawo ogwiritsira ntchito.
60. Ndi njira zingati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira kuti sulfide ili m'madzi?
Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira sulfide zili m'madzi zikuphatikizapo methylene blue spectrophotometry, p-amino N, N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry, njira ya iodometric, njira ya ion electrode, ndi zina zotero. Pakati pawo, njira yodziwika bwino ya sulfide ndi methylene blue spectrophotometry. Photometry (GB/T16489-1996) ndi spectrophotometry yamtundu wachindunji (GB/T17133-1997). Malire ozindikira a njira ziwirizi ndi 0.005mg/L ndi 0.004mg/l motsatana. Pamene chitsanzo cha madzi sichinasungunuke, pamenepa, chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri ndi 0.7mg / L ndi 25mg / L motsatira. Mitundu ya sulfide yoyesedwa ndi p-amino N,N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry (CJ/T60-1999) ndi 0.05~0.8mg/L. Choncho, njira ya spectrophotometry yomwe ili pamwambayi ndiyoyenera kuzindikira zochepa za sulfide. Wamadzi. Pamene kuchuluka kwa sulfide m'madzi onyansa ndipamwamba, njira ya iodometric (HJ/T60-2000 ndi CJ/T60-1999) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Njira yodziwika bwino ya iodometric ndi 1 ~ 200mg/L.
Zitsanzo za madzi zikakhala za turbid, zamitundu, kapena zili ndi zinthu zochepetsera monga SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, ndi thioethers, zidzasokoneza kwambiri muyeso ndipo zimafuna kulekanitsidwa kale kuti athetse kusokoneza. Njira yodziwika bwino yolekanitsa isanakwane ndi acidification-stripping-absorption. Lamulo. Mfundo yake ndi yakuti pambuyo pa chitsanzo cha madzi acidified, sulfide alipo mu H2S maselo boma mu acidic yankho, ndi kuwomberedwa kunja ndi mpweya, kenako odzipereka ndi mayamwidwe madzi, ndiyeno kuyeza.
Njira yeniyeni ndiyoyamba kuwonjezera EDTA ku zitsanzo za madzi kuti zikhale zovuta komanso kukhazikika kwazitsulo zambiri zazitsulo (monga Cu2 +, Hg2 +, Ag +, Fe3 +) kuti tipewe kusokoneza komwe kumachitika pakati pa zitsulo zazitsulo ndi sulfide ions; Komanso onjezerani kuchuluka koyenera kwa hydroxylamine hydrochloride, yomwe ingathe Mogwira kuteteza makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa zimachitikira pakati pa oxidizing zinthu ndi sulfides mu zitsanzo madzi. Mukawomba H2S kuchokera m'madzi, chiwopsezo chochira chimakhala chokwera kwambiri ndikugwedeza kuposa osayambitsa. Mlingo wochira wa sulfide ukhoza kufika 100% posonkhezera kwa mphindi 15. Pamene nthawi yovula ikugwedezeka idutsa mphindi 20, kuchira kumachepa pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, kuvula nthawi zambiri kumachitika mogwedezeka ndipo nthawi yovula ndi mphindi 20. Pamene kutentha kwa madzi osamba ndi 35-55oC, sulfide kuchira mlingo akhoza kufika 100%. Pamene kutentha kwa madzi osamba kumakhala pamwamba pa 65oC, kuchuluka kwa sulfide kumachepetsa pang'ono. Choncho, kutentha kwabwino kwa madzi osamba nthawi zambiri kumasankhidwa kukhala 35 mpaka 55oC.
61. Ndi njira ziti zina zopewera kutsimikiza kwa sulfide?
⑴ Chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa sulfide m'madzi, posonkhanitsa zitsanzo za madzi, malo opangira sampuli sangalowetsedwe kapena kugwedezeka mwamphamvu. Mukatha kusonkhanitsa, yankho la zinc acetate liyenera kuwonjezeredwa pakapita nthawi kuti likhale kuyimitsidwa kwa zinc sulfide. Pamene chitsanzo cha madzi chiri acidic, madzi a alkaline ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti asatulutse hydrogen sulfide. Madzi akadzadza, botolo liyenera kulimitsidwa ndikulitumiza ku labotale kuti likawunikenso mwachangu.
⑵ Ziribe kanthu kuti ndi njira iti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula, zitsanzo zamadzi ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zithetse kusokoneza ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kuzindikira. Kukhalapo kwa ma colorants, zolimba zoyimitsidwa, SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, thioethers ndi zinthu zina zochepetsera zidzakhudza zotsatira za kusanthula. Njira zochotsera kusokoneza kwa zinthu izi zitha kugwiritsa ntchito kulekanitsa kwamvula, kupatukana kwa mpweya, kusinthanitsa ma ion, ndi zina.
⑶ Madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula ndi kukonza njira zopangira reagent sangakhale ndi ayoni olemera kwambiri monga Cu2+ ndi Hg2+, apo ayi zotsatira zowunikira zidzakhala zochepa chifukwa cha kubadwa kwa asidi-insoluble sulfides. Choncho, musagwiritse ntchito madzi osungunuka omwe amachokera kuzitsulo zazitsulo. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito madzi deionized. Kapena madzi osungunuka kuchokera pagalasi lonse.
⑷ Momwemonso, kufufuza zitsulo zolemera zomwe zili mu zinc acetate absorption solution zidzakhudzanso zotsatira zake. Mutha kuwonjezera 1mL ya 0.05mol/L ya sodium sulfide yomwe yangokonzedwa kumene ku 1L ya zinc acetate solution pogwedezeka kokwanira, ndikusiyani usiku wonse. , kenako tembenuzani ndikugwedezani, kenako sefa ndi pepala lopangidwa bwino kwambiri, ndikutaya kusefa. Izi zitha kuthetsa kusokoneza kwa zitsulo zolemera mu njira yoyamwa.
⑸Sodium sulfide muyezo yankho ndi wosakhazikika kwambiri. M'munsi ndende, n'zosavuta kusintha. Iyenera kukonzedwa ndikuyesedwa nthawi yomweyo musanagwiritse ntchito. Pamwamba pa sodium sulfide crystal yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera njira yothetsera nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi sulfite, yomwe imayambitsa zolakwika. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono ndikutsuka mwachangu ndi madzi kuti muchotse sulfite musanayese.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-04-2023
