46.Kodi mpweya wosungunuka ndi chiyani?
Oxygen wosungunuka DO (chidule cha Dissolved Oxygen mu Chingerezi) amaimira kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa molekyulu wosungunuka m'madzi, ndipo gawolo ndi mg/L. Zomwe zimadzaza ndi mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi zimagwirizana ndi kutentha kwa madzi, kuthamanga kwa mumlengalenga ndi mankhwala amadzi. Pa mphamvu imodzi ya mlengalenga, mpweya wa okosijeni ukasungunuka m'madzi osungunuka umafika pa 0oC ndi 14.62mg / L, ndipo pa 20oC ndi 9.17mg / L. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa mchere, kapena kuchepa kwa mpweya wa mumlengalenga kumapangitsa kuti mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi ukhale wotsika.
Mpweya wosungunuka ndi chinthu chofunikira pa moyo ndi kubereka kwa nsomba ndi mabakiteriya a aerobic. Ngati mpweya wosungunuka uli wotsika kuposa 4mg / L, zidzakhala zovuta kuti nsomba zikhale ndi moyo. Pamene madzi aipitsidwa ndi zinthu organic, makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthu organic ndi aerobic tizilombo adzadya kusungunuka mpweya m'madzi. Ngati sichikhoza kubwezeredwa kuchokera mumlengalenga mu nthawi, mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi umachepa pang'onopang'ono mpaka utayandikira 0, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pangani madzi akuda ndi onunkhira.
47. Kodi njira zoyezera mpweya wosungunuka ndi ziti?
Pali njira ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza mpweya wosungunuka, imodzi ndi njira ya iodometric ndi njira yake yokonza (GB 7489-87), ndipo ina ndi njira ya electrochemical probe (GB11913-89). Njira ya iodometric ndiyoyenera kuyeza zitsanzo za madzi ndi mpweya wosungunuka woposa 0.2 mg/L. Nthawi zambiri, njira ya iodometric ndiyoyenera kuyeza mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi oyera. Poyezera mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi otayira m'mafakitale kapena masitepe osiyanasiyana opangira zimbudzi, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ayodini wokonzedwa. kuchuluka kapena njira ya electrochemical. Malire otsika otsimikiza njira ya electrochemical probe ikugwirizana ndi chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pali makamaka mitundu iwiri: nembanemba elekitirodi njira ndi membraneless elekitirodi njira. Nthawi zambiri ndi oyenera kuyeza zitsanzo za madzi ndi mpweya wosungunuka woposa 0.1mg/L. Mamita a pa intaneti a DO omwe amaikidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'matanki aeration ndi malo ena m'malo ochizira zimbudzi amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya membrane electrode kapena njira ya membrane-low electrode.
Mfundo yayikulu ya njira ya iodometric ndikuwonjezera manganese sulfate ndi ayodini ya potaziyamu yamchere ku zitsanzo zamadzi. Mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi umatsitsimutsa manganese otsika kwambiri kukhala manganese apamwamba kwambiri, kutulutsa mpweya wofiirira wa tetravalent manganese hydroxide. Pambuyo powonjezera asidi, mpweya wa bulauni umasungunuka ndipo Imalumikizana ndi ayodini kuti apange ayodini waulere, kenako amagwiritsa ntchito wowuma ngati chizindikiro ndikusintha ayodini waulere ndi sodium thiosulfate kuwerengera mpweya wosungunuka.
Pamene chitsanzo cha madzi chili ndi mtundu kapena chili ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kuchita ndi ayodini, sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya iodometric ndi njira yake yowongolera kuti muyese mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi. M'malo mwake, ma elekitirodi afilimu osamva okosijeni kapena maelekitirodi opanda nembanemba angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeza. Ma elekitirodi osamva okosijeni amakhala ndi maelekitirodi achitsulo awiri omwe amalumikizana ndi ma elekitirodi othandizira komanso nembanemba yosankha. Nembanemba imatha kudutsa mpweya ndi mpweya wina, koma madzi ndi zinthu zosungunuka m'kati mwake sizingadutse. Mpweya wodutsa mu nembanemba umachepetsedwa pa electrode. Mphamvu yamagetsi yofooka imapangidwa, ndipo kukula kwake kumayenderana ndi mpweya wosungunuka pa kutentha kwina. Elekitirodi yopanda mafilimu imapangidwa ndi cathode yapadera ya aloyi yasiliva ndi anode yachitsulo (kapena zinki). Sichigwiritsa ntchito filimu kapena electrolyte, ndipo palibe voteji ya polarization yomwe imawonjezedwa pakati pa mitengo iwiri. Amangolankhula ndi mizati iwiriyo kudzera mu njira yamadzimadzi yoyezera kupanga batire yoyamba, ndipo mamolekyu a okosijeni m'madzi ndi Kuchepetsa kumachitika mwachindunji pa cathode, ndipo kuchepetsedwa komwe kumapangidwa kumayenderana ndi zomwe zili mu mpweya womwe ukuyesedwa. .
48. Kodi nchifukwa ninji chizindikiro cha okosijeni wosungunuka ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri za kagwiritsidwe ntchito kabwino ka madzi oipa?
Kusunga kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi ndizomwe zimafunikira kupulumuka ndi kuberekana kwa zamoyo zam'madzi za aerobic. Choncho, chizindikiro cha okosijeni chomwe chasungunuka ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zimbudzi.
The aerobic tizilombo mankhwala chipangizo amafuna mpweya kusungunuka m'madzi kukhala pamwamba 2 mg/L, ndi anaerobic kwachilengedwenso mankhwala chipangizo amafuna mpweya kusungunuka kukhala pansi 0.5 mg/L. Ngati mukufuna kulowa mu siteji yabwino ya methanogenesis, ndibwino kuti mukhale opanda mpweya wosungunuka (0), ndipo pamene gawo A la ndondomeko ya A / O ili mu anoxic state, mpweya wosungunuka ndi 0.5 ~ 1mg / L. . Pamene madzi otayira kuchokera mu thanki yachiwiri ya sedimentation ya aerobic biological method ayenerera, mpweya wake wosungunuka nthawi zambiri umakhala wosachepera 1mg/L. Ngati ndi otsika kwambiri (<0.5mg/L) kapena okwera kwambiri (njira ya mpweya aeration>2mg/L), izi zipangitsa kuti madzi atayike. Madzi amawonongeka kapena kupitirira muyezo. Choncho, chidwi chonse chiyenera kuperekedwa pakuwunika momwe mpweya wa mpweya wasungunuka mkati mwa chipangizo chothandizira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi madzi osefukira a thanki yake.
Iodometric titration siyoyenera kuyezetsa pamalopo, komanso singagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyang'anira mosalekeza kapena kudziwa komwe mpweya wasungunuka. Pakuwunika kosalekeza kwa okosijeni wosungunuka m'machitidwe ochizira zimbudzi, njira ya membrane electrode mu njira ya electrochemical imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti mumvetsetse mosalekeza kusintha kwa DO kwa madzi osakanikirana mu thanki ya mpweya panthawi yoyeretsa zimbudzi munthawi yeniyeni, mita ya pa intaneti ya electrochemical probe DO imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, mita ya DO ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera ndikusintha kachitidwe ka oxygen kusungunuka mu thanki ya aeration. Pakuti kusintha ndi kulamulira dongosolo amatenga mbali yofunika ntchito yake yachibadwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndinso maziko ofunika kwa oyendetsa ndondomeko kusintha ndi kulamulira ntchito yachibadwa ya zimbudzi kwachilengedwenso mankhwala.
49. Kodi njira zodzitetezera poyezera mpweya wosungunuka ndi iodometric titration ndi ziti?
Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kutengedwa posonkhanitsa zitsanzo za madzi kuti muyese mpweya wosungunuka. Zitsanzo za madzi siziyenera kukhudzana ndi mpweya kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo siziyenera kugwedezeka. Mukayesa mu thanki yosonkhanitsira madzi, gwiritsani ntchito botolo la okosijeni lokhala ndi galasi lokhala ndi galasi la 300 ml, ndikuyesa ndi kulemba kutentha kwa madzi nthawi yomweyo. Komanso, pogwiritsira ntchito titration ya iodometric, kuphatikizapo kusankha njira yeniyeni yothetsera kusokoneza pambuyo pa sampuli, nthawi yosungiramo iyenera kufupikitsidwa momwe mungathere, ndipo ndi bwino kusanthula mwamsanga.
Kupyolera mu kusintha kwaukadaulo ndi zida komanso mothandizidwa ndi zida, titration ya iodometric imakhalabe njira yolondola komanso yodalirika yowunikira mpweya wosungunuka. Pofuna kuthetsa kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosokoneza mu zitsanzo za madzi, pali njira zingapo zowongolera ma iodometric titration.
Oxides, reductants, organic matter, ndi zina zotere zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi zitha kusokoneza ma iodometric titration. Ma okosijeni ena amatha kusiyanitsa ayodini kukhala ayodini (kusokoneza kwabwino), ndipo zinthu zina zochepetsera zimatha kuchepetsa ayodini kukhala iodide (kusokoneza koyipa). kusokoneza), pamene oxidized manganese precipitate ndi acidified, zinthu zambiri organic akhoza pang'ono oxidized, kutulutsa zoipa zolakwika. Njira yothetsera azide imatha kuthetsa kusokoneza kwa nitrite, ndipo pamene chitsanzo cha madzi chili ndi chitsulo chochepa cha valent, njira yothetsera potassium permanganate ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa kusokoneza. Pamene chitsanzo cha madzi chili ndi mtundu, algae, ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa, njira yowongolera alum flocculation iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo njira yowongolera ya sulfate-sulfamic acid flocculation imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa mpweya wosungunuka wa sludge osakaniza.
50. Kodi njira zodzitetezera poyezera mpweya wosungunuka ndi chiyani pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopyapyala ya elekitirodi?
Electrode ya membrane imakhala ndi cathode, anode, electrolyte ndi membrane. Ma electrode cavity amadzazidwa ndi yankho la KCl. Nembanemba imalekanitsa electrolyte kuchokera ku madzi kuti ayezedwe, ndipo mpweya wosungunuka umalowa ndi kufalikira kudzera mu nembanemba. Pambuyo pa DC yokhazikika polarization voltage ya 0.5 mpaka 1.0V ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa mizati iwiri, mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi oyezedwa umadutsa mufilimuyi ndipo umachepetsedwa pa cathode, ndikupanga kufalikira kwapano molingana ndi ndende ya okosijeni.
Mafilimu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi polyethylene ndi fluorocarbon mafilimu omwe amatha kulola mamolekyu a okosijeni kudutsa ndikukhala ndi zinthu zokhazikika. Chifukwa chakuti filimuyi imatha kudutsa mpweya wosiyanasiyana, mpweya wina (monga H2S, SO2, CO2, NH3, etc.) uli pa electrode yosonyeza. Sikophweka depolarize, zomwe zimachepetsa kukhudzika kwa electrode ndikupangitsa kupatuka pazotsatira zoyezera. Mafuta ndi mafuta m'madzi oyezedwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta aeration tanki nthawi zambiri timamatira ku nembanemba, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kuyeza kwake, kotero kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndi kuwerengetsa kumafunika.
Chifukwa chake, ma membrane electrode osungunuka okosijeni owunikira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zimbudzi ayenera kuyendetsedwa motsatira njira zosinthira zomwe wopanga amapanga, ndikuyeretsa pafupipafupi, kuwerengetsa, kubwezeretsanso ma electrolyte, ndikusintha ma electrode membrane ndikofunikira. Mukasintha filimuyo, muyenera kuchita mosamala. Choyamba, muyenera kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa zigawo zodziwika bwino. Chachiwiri, samalani kuti musasiye tinthu tating'onoting'ono pansi pa filimuyo. Apo ayi, mphamvu yotsalira idzawonjezeka ndikukhudza zotsatira za muyeso. Pofuna kutsimikizira deta yolondola, madzi oyenda pamtunda wa electrode electrode amayenera kukhala ndi chipwirikiti, ndiko kuti, njira yoyesera yomwe imadutsa pamwamba pa membrane iyenera kukhala ndi kuthamanga kokwanira.
Nthawi zambiri, mpweya kapena zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za DO ndi zitsanzo zopanda DO zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera. Inde, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha madzi poyang'aniridwa kuti ayesedwe. Kuonjezera apo, mfundo imodzi kapena ziwiri ziyenera kufufuzidwa kawirikawiri kuti zitsimikizire deta yokonza kutentha.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-14-2023
