35.Kodi madzi osefukira ndi chiyani?
Kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi chizindikiro cha kufalikira kwa zitsanzo za madzi. Ndi chifukwa cha zazing'ono inorganic ndi organic kanthu ndi zina inaimitsidwa zinthu monga matope, dongo, tizilombo ndi zina inaimitsidwa zinthu m'madzi zimene zimapangitsa kuwala kudutsa madzi chitsanzo kumwazikana kapena odzipereka. Zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kulowa mwachindunji, kuchuluka kwa kutsekeka kwa kufalikira kwa gwero linalake la kuwala pamene lita iliyonse ya madzi osungunuka ili ndi 1 mg SiO2 (kapena dziko lapansi la diatomaceous) nthawi zambiri imatengedwa ngati turbidity standard, yotchedwa Jackson degree, yofotokozedwa mu JTU.
Meta ya turbidity imapangidwa potengera mfundo yakuti zonyansa zoyimitsidwa m'madzi zimakhala ndi kufalikira kwa kuwala. The turbidity kuyeza ndi kumwaza turbidity unit, zofotokozedwa mu NTU. Kuwonongeka kwa madzi sikungokhudzana ndi zomwe zili m'madzi, komanso zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi katundu wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi otsekemera sikumangowonjezera mlingo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kumakhudzanso kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuchepetsa turbidity nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kuchepetsa zinthu zoipa, mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi m'madzi. Pamene turbidity ya madzi ifika madigiri 10, anthu amatha kudziwa kuti madziwo ndi a turbid.
36.Kodi njira zoyezera chipwirikiti ndi ziti?
Njira zoyezera turbidity zomwe zafotokozedwa mu standard standard GB13200-1991 zikuphatikizapo spectrophotometry ndi colorimetry. Gawo la zotsatira za njira ziwirizi ndi JTU. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira yothandiza yoyezera kuchuluka kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito kufalikira kwa kuwala. Chigawo cha zotsatira zoyezedwa ndi mita ya turbidity ndi NTU. Njira ya spectrophotometric ndiyoyenera kuzindikira madzi akumwa, madzi achilengedwe ndi madzi otsekemera kwambiri, okhala ndi malire odziwika a madigiri a 3; njira yowonera colorimetry ndiyoyenera kuzindikira madzi otsika kwambiri monga madzi akumwa ndi magwero amadzi, okhala ndi malire ozindikira a 1 Gwiritsani ntchito. Poyesa turbidity mu thanki yachiwiri ya sedimentation yamadzimadzi kapena mankhwala opangira mankhwala apamwamba mu labotale, njira ziwiri zoyambirira zodziwira zingagwiritsidwe ntchito; poyesa turbidity pamadzi otayira m'chimbudzi ndi mapaipi amankhwala apamwamba, nthawi zambiri pamafunika kukhazikitsa Turbidimeter pa intaneti.
Mfundo yayikulu ya mita ya turbidity pa intaneti ndi yofanana ndi ya mita ya optical sludge concentration. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa awiriwa ndikuti chigawo cha SS choyezedwa ndi mita ya sludge ndi chokwera, choncho chimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya kuyamwa kwa kuwala, pamene SS imayesedwa ndi mita ya turbidity ndi yotsika. Choncho, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya kufalikira kwa kuwala ndi kuyeza gawo lobalalitsa la kuwala kodutsa m'madzi oyezedwa, turbidity ya madzi ikhoza kuganiziridwa.
Turbidity ndi zotsatira za kugwirizana pakati pa kuwala ndi tinthu zolimba m'madzi. Kukula kwa turbidity kumakhudzana ndi zinthu monga kukula ndi mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamadzi m'madzi ndi chifukwa chowunikira kuwala. Choncho, pamene zili zolimba inaimitsidwa m'madzi ndi mkulu, kawirikawiri turbidity ake ndi apamwamba, koma palibe mgwirizano mwachindunji pakati pa awiriwa. Nthawi zina zolimba zoyimitsidwa zimakhala zofanana, koma chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zazitsulo zoyimitsidwa, miyeso ya turbidity yoyezedwa ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Choncho, ngati madzi ali ndi zonyansa zambiri zoyimitsidwa, njira yoyezera SS iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti iwonetsere molondola kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi kapena kuchuluka kwake kwa zonyansa.
Magalasi onse okhudzana ndi zitsanzo za madzi ayenera kutsukidwa ndi hydrochloric acid kapena surfactant. Zitsanzo za madzi zoyezera matope ziyenera kukhala zopanda zinyalala komanso tinthu tating'ono tonyozeka mosavuta, ndipo ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa m'mabotolo agalasi oyimitsidwa ndikuyezedwa posachedwa mutayesa. Pazifukwa zapadera, imatha kusungidwa pamalo amdima pa 4 ° C kwa nthawi yochepa, mpaka maola 24, ndipo imayenera kugwedezeka mwamphamvu ndikubwezeretsa kutentha musanayambe kuyeza.
37.Kodi mtundu wamadzi ndi wotani?
The chromaticity of water ndi index yodziwika poyeza mtundu wa madzi. Chromaticity yomwe imatchulidwa pakuwunika kwamadzi nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza mtundu weniweni wa madzi, ndiye kuti, imangotanthauza mtundu womwe umapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zasungunuka mu zitsanzo zamadzi. Choncho, musanayambe kuyeza, chitsanzo cha madzi chiyenera kumveka bwino, centrifuged, kapena kusefedwa ndi 0.45 μm fyuluta nembanemba kuchotsa SS, koma fyuluta pepala silingagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa pepala fyuluta akhoza kutenga mbali ya mtundu wa madzi.
Chotsatira choyezedwa pa chitsanzo choyambirira popanda kusefera kapena centrifugation ndi mtundu wowoneka wa madzi, ndiye kuti, mtundu wopangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zosungunuka ndi zosasungunuka zoyimitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wowoneka bwino wamadzi sungathe kuyeza ndikuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya platinamu-cobalt colorimetric yomwe imayesa mtundu weniweni. Makhalidwe monga kuya, mtundu, ndi kuwonekera nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa m'mawu, kenako amayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya dilution factor. Zotsatira zoyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya platinamu-cobalt colorimetric nthawi zambiri sizingafanane ndi ma colorimetric omwe amayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya dilution angapo.
38.Kodi njira zoyezera mtundu ndi ziti?
Pali njira ziwiri zoyezera colorimetry: platinamu-cobalt colorimetry ndi dilution angapo njira (GB11903-1989). Njira ziwirizi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito paokha, ndipo zotsatira zoyezedwa nthawi zambiri sizingafanane. Njira ya platinamu-cobalt colorimetric ndi yoyenera madzi oyera, madzi oipitsidwa pang'ono ndi madzi achikasu pang'ono, komanso madzi oyeretsera pamwamba, madzi apansi, madzi akumwa ndi madzi obwezeretsedwa, ndi madzi ogwiritsidwanso ntchito pambuyo poyeretsa zimbudzi zapamwamba. Madzi otayira m'mafakitale ndi madzi oipitsidwa kwambiri padziko lapansi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo kuti adziwe mtundu wawo.
Njira ya platinamu-cobalt colorimetric imatenga mtundu wa 1 mg wa Pt (IV) ndi 2 mg wa cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate mu 1 L yamadzi ngati mtundu umodzi wokhazikika, womwe umatchedwa digirii imodzi. Njira yokonzekera 1 unit standard colorimetric ndikuwonjezera 0.491mgK2PtCl6 ndi 2.00mgCoCl2?6H2O ku 1L yamadzi, omwe amadziwikanso kuti platinamu ndi cobalt muyezo. Kuwirikiza kawiri platinamu ndi cobalt wothandizira wokhazikika amatha kupeza mayunitsi angapo amtundu wamtundu. Popeza potaziyamu chlorocobaltate ndi wokwera mtengo, K2Cr2O7 ndi CoSO4?7H2O nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera njira yolowa m'malo ya colorimetric mu gawo linalake ndi masitepe ogwirira ntchito. Poyesa mtundu, yerekezerani chitsanzo cha madzi kuti chiyezedwe ndi mndandanda wa njira zothetsera mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti mupeze mtundu wa chitsanzo cha madzi.
Njira ya dilution factor ndi kusungunula madziwo ndi madzi oyera mpaka atatsala pang'ono kukhala opanda mtundu kenako ndikusunthira mu chubu cha colorimetric. Kuzama kwamtundu kumayerekezedwa ndi madzi amadzimadzi omwe ali pamtunda wofanana ndi woyera. Ngati kusiyana kulikonse kukupezeka, chepetsaninso mpaka mtunduwo sunawonekere, gawo la dilution la madzi panthawiyi ndilofunika kusonyeza kukula kwa madzi, ndipo gawolo ndi nthawi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-19-2023
