51. Kodi ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zimawonetsa zinthu zoopsa komanso zowopsa zomwe zili m'madzi?
Kupatulapo kachulukidwe kakang'ono kapoizoni komanso kovulaza pamadzi am'madzi am'madzi (monga ma phenols osokonekera, ndi zina zambiri), ambiri aiwo ndi ovuta kuwononga ndipo amawononga kwambiri thupi la munthu, monga mafuta, anionic surfactants (LAS), organic Chlorine ndi organophosphorus mankhwala, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic onunkhira hydrocarbons (PAHs), mkulu-maselo kupanga ma polima (monga mapulasitiki, kupanga mphira, ulusi yokumba, etc.), mafuta ndi zinthu zina organic.
The national comprehensive discharge standard GB 8978-1996 ali ndi malamulo okhwima pa ndende ya zimbudzi munali pamwamba poizoni ndi zoipa organic zinthu kutayidwa ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Zizindikiro za khalidwe la madzi enieni ndi monga benzo(a)pyrene, petroleum, volatile phenols, ndi organophosphorus mankhwala (owerengeredwa mu P ), tetrachloromethane, tetrachlorethylene, benzene, toluene, m-cresol ndi zina 36. Mafakitale osiyanasiyana ali ndi zizindikiro zosiyana za kutaya madzi oipa zomwe ziyenera kuyendetsedwa. Kaya zizindikiro za khalidwe la madzi zimakwaniritsa miyezo ya dziko lonse ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa motsatira ndondomeko yeniyeni ya madzi onyansa omwe amatulutsidwa ndi mafakitale aliwonse.
52.Ndi mitundu ingati ya mankhwala a phenolic omwe amapezeka m'madzi?
Phenol ndi chochokera ku hydroxyl kuchokera ku benzene, gulu lake la hydroxyl lomwe limalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mphete ya benzene. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu a hydroxyl omwe ali pa mphete ya benzene, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu amodzi (monga phenol) ndi ma polyphenols. Malinga ndi zomwe zimatha kugwedezeka ndi nthunzi wamadzi, zimagawidwa kukhala phenol yosasunthika ndi phenol yosasunthika. Choncho, ma phenol samangotanthauza phenol, komanso amaphatikizapo dzina la phenolates m'malo mwa hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, carboxyl, etc. mu ortho, meta ndi para positions.
Mankhwala a phenolic amatanthauza benzene ndi zotumphukira zake za hydroxyl zosakanikirana. Pali mitundu yambiri. Nthawi zambiri amalingalira kuti omwe ali ndi malo otentha omwe ali pansi pa 230oC ndi ma phenol osasunthika, pamene omwe ali ndi mfundo yowira pamwamba pa 230oC ndi ma phenols osasunthika. Ma phenol osasunthika pamakhalidwe abwino amadzi amatanthawuza zinthu za phenolic zomwe zimatha kusungunuka pamodzi ndi nthunzi wamadzi panthawi ya distillation.
53.Kodi ndi njira ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera kutentha kwa phenol?
Popeza ma phenol osasunthika ndi mtundu wamagulu m'malo mwa gulu limodzi, ngakhale phenol ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyezo, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zosiyana ngati njira zowunikira zosiyana zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti zotsatira zifanane, njira yogwirizana yotchulidwa ndi dziko iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira zoyezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri za phenol zosakhazikika ndi 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry yotchulidwa mu GB 7490-87 ndi mphamvu ya bromination yotchulidwa mu GB 7491-87. Lamulo.
4-Aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric njira ili ndi zinthu zochepa zosokoneza komanso kukhudzidwa kwakukulu, ndipo ndiyoyenera kuyeza zitsanzo zamadzi oyeretsa okhala ndi zinthu zowonongeka za phenol.<5mg>Njira ya bromination volumetric ndi yosavuta komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo ndiyoyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ma phenol osasunthika m'madzi owonongeka a mafakitale> 10 mg / L kapena madzi otayira kuchokera ku mafakitale opangira madzi onyansa. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti mu njira yothetsera bromine yambiri, phenol ndi bromine amapanga tribromophenol, ndi zina kupanga bromotribromophenol. Bromine yotsalayo imachita ndi ayodini wa potaziyamu kutulutsa ayodini waulere, pomwe bromotribromophenol imakumana ndi ayodini wa potaziyamu kupanga tribromophenol ndi ayodini waulere. Iodine yaulere imasinthidwanso ndi sodium thiosulfate solution, ndipo kuchuluka kwa phenol molingana ndi phenol kumatha kuwerengedwa kutengera kumwa kwake.
54. Kodi chenjezo lotani poyezera kutentha kwa phenol?
Popeza mpweya wosungunuka ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono zimatha oxidize kapena kuwola mankhwala a phenolic, kupanga mankhwala a phenolic m'madzi kukhala osakhazikika, njira yowonjezera asidi (H3PO4) ndi kuchepetsa kutentha nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kulepheretsa zochita za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zokwanira. kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid kumawonjezeredwa. Njira yachitsulo imathetsa zotsatira za okosijeni. Ngakhale njira zomwe zili pamwambazi zitatengedwa, zitsanzo za madzi ziyenera kuyesedwa ndikuyesedwa mkati mwa maola 24, ndipo zitsanzo zamadzi ziyenera kusungidwa m'mabotolo agalasi osati m'mapulasitiki.
Mosasamala kanthu za njira ya bromination volumetric kapena njira ya 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric, pamene chitsanzo cha madzi chili ndi oxidizing kapena kuchepetsa zinthu, ayoni achitsulo, amines onunkhira, mafuta ndi tar, ndi zina zotero, zidzakhudza kulondola kwa kuyeza. kusokoneza, njira zoyenera ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zithetse zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, oxidants akhoza kuchotsedwa powonjezera ferrous sulfate kapena sodium arsenite, sulfides akhoza kuchotsedwa powonjezera mkuwa sulphate pansi acidic mikhalidwe, mafuta ndi phula akhoza kuchotsedwa m'zigawo ndi kulekana ndi zosungunulira organic pansi kwambiri zamchere. Zinthu zochepetsera monga sulphate ndi formaldehyde zimachotsedwa pozichotsa ndi zosungunulira za organic pansi pa acidic ndikusiya zinthu zochepetsera m'madzi. Mukasanthula zimbudzi ndi gawo lokhazikika, mutatha kudziunjikira nthawi inayake, mitundu ya zinthu zosokoneza imatha kufotokozedwa, ndiye kuti mitundu ya zinthu zosokoneza imatha kuthetsedwa pakuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa, ndipo njira zowunikira zitha kuphweka. momwe zingathere.
Opaleshoni ya distillation ndi gawo lofunikira pakuzindikiritsa phenol yosakhazikika. Pofuna kusungunula phenol yosasunthika, mtengo wa pH wa chitsanzocho uyenera kusinthidwa kukhala pafupifupi 4 (mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya methyl orange). Kuonjezera apo, popeza njira yowonongeka ya phenol yowonongeka imakhala yocheperapo, kuchuluka kwa distillate yosonkhanitsidwa iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi chiwerengero cha chitsanzo choyambirira kuti chisungunuke, mwinamwake zotsatira za kuyeza zidzakhudzidwa. Ngati distillate ipezeka yoyera komanso yamtambo, iyenera kusinthidwanso kukhala acidic. Ngati distillate idakali yoyera komanso ya turbid kachiwiri, mwina pali mafuta ndi phula mu zitsanzo zamadzi, ndipo chithandizo choyenera chiyenera kuchitidwa.
The okwana kuchuluka anayeza ntchito bromination volumetric njira ndi mtengo wachibale, ndi zinthu ntchito otchulidwa ndi mfundo dziko ayenera mosamalitsa kutsatiridwa, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa madzi anawonjezera, anachita kutentha ndi nthawi, etc. Komanso, tribromophenol precipitates mosavuta encapsulate I2, choncho iyenera kugwedezeka mwamphamvu pamene ikuyandikira nsonga ya titration.
55. Ndi njira ziti zodzitetezera pogwiritsira ntchito 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry kuti mudziwe ma phenols osasinthasintha?
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) spectrophotometry, ntchito zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa mu fume hood, ndipo kuyamwa kwa fume hood kumakina kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zotsatira za poizoni wa benzene pa woyendetsa. .
Kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wopanda kanthu wa reagent makamaka chifukwa cha zinthu monga kuipitsidwa m'madzi osungunuka, magalasi ndi zida zina zoyesera, komanso kuphulika kwa zosungunulira zotulutsa chifukwa cha kutentha kwachipinda, ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha 4-AAP reagent. , yomwe imakonda kuyamwa chinyezi, kutsekemera ndi okosijeni. , kotero njira zoyenera ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zitsimikizire chiyero cha 4-AAP. Kukula kwamtundu wamachitidwe kumakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi mtengo wa pH, ndipo pH ya yankho la yankho liyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa pakati pa 9.8 ndi 10.2.
The dilute standard solution ya phenol ndi yosakhazikika. Njira yothetsera yomwe ili ndi 1 mg phenol pa ml iyenera kuikidwa mufiriji ndipo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa masiku oposa 30. Njira yothetsera yomwe ili ndi 10 μg phenol pa ml iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lokonzekera. Njira yothetsera yomwe ili ndi 1 μg phenol pa ml iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mutatha kukonzekera. Gwiritsani ntchito mkati mwa maola awiri.
Onetsetsani kuti muwonjezere ma reagents kuti molingana ndi njira zogwirira ntchito, ndikugwedezani bwino mutatha kuwonjezera reagent iliyonse. Ngati chotchingacho sichigwedezeka mofanana mutawonjeza, chiwerengero cha ammonia mu njira yoyesera chidzakhala chosagwirizana, zomwe zidzakhudza zomwe zimachitika. Ammonia wodetsedwa amatha kuwonjezera mtengo wopanda kanthu ndi nthawi zopitilira 10. Ngati ammonia sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali mutatsegula botolo, iyenera kusungunuka musanagwiritse ntchito.
Utoto wofiyira wopangidwa ndi aminoantipyrine umakhala wokhazikika kwa mphindi pafupifupi 30 mu njira yamadzi, ndipo ukhoza kukhazikika kwa maola 4 mutatha kutulutsa mu chloroform. Ngati nthawi yayitali kwambiri, mtunduwo umasintha kuchokera kufiira kupita kuchikasu. Ngati mtundu wopanda kanthu uli wakuda kwambiri chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa 4-aminoantipyrine, muyeso wa 490nm wavelength ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonza kuyeza kulondola. 4-Pamene aminoantibi ali wodetsedwa, amatha kusungunuka mu methanol, kenako amasefedwa ndi kukonzanso ndi carbon activated kuti ayeretse.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-23-2023
