19. Kodi ndi njira zingati zochepetsera zitsanzo za madzi poyezera BOD5? Kodi njira zodzitetezera ndi zotani?
Poyezera BOD5, njira zochepetsera zitsanzo za madzi zimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: njira ya dilution wamba ndi njira yachindunji ya dilution. Njira yowonjezera yowonjezera imafuna madzi ochulukirapo osungunuka kapena madzi otsekemera a inoculation.
Njira yochepetsera kwambiri ndikuwonjezera pafupifupi 500mL yamadzi osungunula kapena madzi opukutira mu silinda yomaliza ya 1L kapena 2L, kenaka onjezerani kuchuluka kwa madzi owerengeka, kuwonjezera madzi owonjezera owonjezera kapena madzi opukutira pamlingo wonse, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphira kumapeto kwa Ndodo yagalasi yozungulira imagwedezeka pang'onopang'ono mmwamba kapena pansi pamadzi. Pomaliza, gwiritsani ntchito siphon kuti mulowetse madzi osakanikirana osakanikirana mu botolo la chikhalidwe, mudzaze ndi kusefukira pang'ono, sungani choyimitsira botolo mosamala, ndikusindikiza ndi madzi. Pakamwa pa botolo. Kwa zitsanzo za madzi okhala ndi chiŵerengero chachiwiri kapena chachitatu cha dilution, njira yotsalira yosakanikirana ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pambuyo powerengera, madzi ena osungunuka kapena madzi otsekemera amatha kuwonjezeredwa, kusakaniza ndikulowetsedwa mu botolo la chikhalidwe mofananamo.
Njira yachindunji ya dilution ndiyoyamba kuyambitsa pafupifupi theka la kuchuluka kwa madzi osungunuka kapena madzi otsekemera a inoculation mu botolo lachikhalidwe la voliyumu yodziwika ndi siphoning, ndiyeno bayani kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zamadzi zomwe ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku botolo lililonse la chikhalidwe chowerengedwa molingana ndi dilution. chinthu pamodzi ndi khoma la botolo. , kenaka perekani madzi osungunuka kapena thirirani madzi osungunuka ku botolo, tsekani mosamala choyimitsira botolo, ndikutseka pakamwa pa botolo ndi madzi.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera mwachindunji, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa kuti musayambitse madzi osungunuka kapena kulowetsa madzi osungunuka mofulumira kumapeto. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'pofunika kufufuza malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito poyambitsa voliyumu yabwino kwambiri kuti mupewe zolakwika zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusefukira kwakukulu.
Ziribe kanthu kuti ndi njira iti yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, popereka chitsanzo cha madzi mu botolo la chikhalidwe, zochitazo ziyenera kukhala zofewa kuti zipewe thovu, mpweya kusungunuka m'madzi kapena mpweya wotuluka m'madzi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, onetsetsani kuti mukusamala pomanga botolo mwamphamvu kuti mupewe mpweya wotsalira mu botolo, zomwe zingakhudze zotsatira zake. Botolo la chikhalidwe likamakula mu chofungatira, chisindikizo chamadzi chiyenera kufufuzidwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndikudzazidwa ndi madzi mu nthawi kuti madzi osindikizira asasunthike ndikulola kuti mpweya ulowe mu botolo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma voliyumu a mabotolo awiri azikhalidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale komanso pambuyo pa masiku 5 ayenera kukhala ofanana kuti achepetse zolakwika.
20. Kodi ndi mavuto otani amene angakhalepo poyezera BOD5?
BOD5 ikayezedwa pamadzi otayira m'chimbudzi chokhala ndi nitrification, popeza ili ndi mabakiteriya ambiri opatsa nitrifying, zotsatira zake zimaphatikizanso kufunikira kwa mpweya wa zinthu zomwe zili ndi nayitrogeni monga ammonia nitrogen. Pakafunika kusiyanitsa kufunikira kwa okosijeni wa zinthu za carbonaceous ndi kufunikira kwa okosijeni kwa zinthu za nayitrogeni mu zitsanzo za madzi, njira yowonjezerera zoletsa nitrification m'madzi osungunuka angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa nitrification panthawi ya kutsimikiza kwa BOD5. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera 10mg 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine kapena 10mg propenyl thiourea, etc.
BOD5/CODCr ili pafupi ndi 1 kapena kuposa 1, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza kuti pali cholakwika poyesa. Ulalo uliwonse wa kuyezetsa uyenera kuwunikiridwa, ndipo chidwi chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa ngati madzi amatengedwa mofanana. Zingakhale zachilendo kuti BOD5 / CODMn ikhale pafupi ndi 1 kapena kuposa 1, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kwa zigawo za organic mu zitsanzo za madzi ndi potaziyamu permanganate ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa potassium dichromate. Mtengo wa CODMn wa madzi omwewo nthawi zina umakhala wotsika kuposa mtengo wa CODCr. zambiri za.
Pakakhala chodabwitsa chokhazikika kuti kuchuluka kwa dilution ndi kukwezeka kwa BOD5, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri ndikuti madzi am'madzi amakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula ndi kubereka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Pamene dilution factor ili yotsika, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoletsa zomwe zili mumtsuko wamadzi kumakhala kokulirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya asamawonongeke bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti muyeso wa BOD5 ukhale wotsika. Panthawiyi, zigawo zenizeni kapena zomwe zimayambitsa zinthu za antibacterial ziyenera kupezeka, ndipo kukonzekera koyenera kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti athetse kapena kuwaphimba musanayese.
BOD5/CODCr ikakhala yotsika, monga pansi pa 0.2 kapena ngakhale pansi pa 0.1, ngati madzi oyezera ndi madzi oipa a m’mafakitale, zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti zinthu za m’madzi zimene zili mumtsuko wamadzi zimakhala zosawonongeka. Komabe, ngati kuyeza madzi chitsanzo ndi zimbudzi m'tauni kapena wothira madzi otayira ena Industrial, amene ndi gawo la zimbudzi zapakhomo, si chifukwa madzi chitsanzo lili ndi mankhwala poizoni zinthu kapena mankhwala, koma zifukwa zambiri si ndale pH mtengo. ndi kukhalapo kwa otsalira chlorine fungicides. Pofuna kupewa zolakwika, panthawi ya kuyeza kwa BOD5, pH ya madzi a madzi ndi madzi a dilution iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala 7 ndi 7.2 motsatira. Kuyang'ana pafupipafupi kuyenera kuchitidwa pa zitsanzo zamadzi zomwe zitha kukhala ndi okosijeni monga otsalira a klorini.
21. Kodi ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zimasonyeza zakudya za zomera m'madzi oipa?
Zomera zimaphatikizira nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimafunikira pakukula ndikukula kwa mbewu. Zakudya zolimbitsa thupi zimatha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zamoyo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zomera zochulukirapo zomwe zimalowa m'madzi zimachititsa kuti algae azichulukirachulukira m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zizitchedwa "eutrophication", zomwe zidzasokoneza kwambiri madzi, zimakhudza kupanga nsomba ndikuwononga thanzi la munthu. Kuchuluka kwa eutrophication m'nyanja zosazama kumatha kubweretsa chithaphwi ndi kufa.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, zomera zakudya ndi zofunika zigawo zikuluzikulu za kukula ndi kubalana tizilombo mu adamulowetsa sludge, ndipo ndi chinthu chofunika chokhudzana ndi ntchito yachibadwa ya njira kwachilengedwenso mankhwala. Choncho, zizindikiro za zakudya za zomera m'madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri pazochitika zowonongeka zachimbudzi.
Zizindikiro za khalidwe la madzi zomwe zimasonyeza zakudya za zomera m'zimbudzi zimakhala makamaka mankhwala a nayitrogeni (monga organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite ndi nitrate, etc.) ndi mankhwala a phosphorous (monga phosphorous, phosphate, etc.). M'machitidwe ochizira zimbudzi, nthawi zambiri amakhala Monitor ammonia nitrogen ndi phosphate m'madzi obwera ndi otuluka. Kumbali imodzi, ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito achilengedwe a chithandizo chachilengedwe, ndipo kumbali ina, ndikuzindikira ngati madzi otayira akukwaniritsa miyezo yadziko lonse.
22.Kodi zizindikiro za khalidwe la madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi nitrogen? Kodi zimagwirizana bwanji?
Zizindikiro zamtundu wamadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zomwe zimayimira nayitrogeni m'madzi zimaphatikizapo nayitrogeni yonse, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite ndi nitrate.
Ammonia nitrogen ndi nayitrogeni amene amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a NH3 ndi NH4+ m'madzi. Ndilo gawo loyamba la kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni kwa organic nitrogen compounds ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha kuipitsidwa kwa madzi. Ammonia nayitrogeni amatha kukhala oxidized mu nitrite (yomwe imafotokozedwa ngati NO2-) pansi pa zochita za mabakiteriya a nitrite, ndipo nitrite imatha kukhala oxidized mu nitrate (yofotokozedwa ngati NO3-) pansi pa zochita za mabakiteriya a nitrate. Nitrate imathanso kuchepetsedwa kukhala nitrite pansi pa zochita za tizilombo m'malo opanda mpweya. Pamene nayitrogeni m'madzi makamaka mu mawonekedwe a nitrate, zikhoza kusonyeza kuti zili nayitrogeni-munali organic kanthu m'madzi ndi yaing'ono kwambiri ndi madzi thupi lafika kudziyeretsa.
Kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni wa organic ndi ammonia nitrogen kungayesedwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Kjeldahl (GB 11891–89). Nayitrojeni m'miyeso ya madzi yoyezedwa ndi njira ya Kjeldahl imatchedwanso Kjeldahl nitrogen, kotero kuti Kjeldahl nitrogen wodziwika bwino ndi ammonia nitrogen. ndi organic nayitrogeni. Pambuyo pochotsa ammonia nayitrogeni mumtsuko wamadzi, ndiye amayezedwa ndi njira ya Kjeldahl. Mtengo woyezedwa ndi organic nitrogen. Ngati Kjeldahl nayitrogeni ndi ammonia nayitrogeni amayezedwa mosiyana mu zitsanzo za madzi, kusiyana kwake ndi organic nitrogen. Nayitrogeni wa Kjeldahl angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chizindikiro chowongolera zomwe zili m'madzi a nayitrogeni m'madzi omwe akubwera a zida zochizira zimbudzi, ndipo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chizindikiritso chowongolera kutulutsa kwachilengedwe kwamadzi am'madzi monga mitsinje, nyanja ndi nyanja.
Nayitrogeni yonse ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni wa organic, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen ndi nayitrojeni wa nitrate m'madzi, womwe ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni wa Kjeldahl ndi nayitrogeni yonse ya oxide. Nayitrogeni yonse, nayitrogeni wa nitrite ndi nayitrogeni wa nitrate zonse zitha kuyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito spectrophotometry. Kuti mudziwe njira yowunikira nayitrogeni ya nitrite, onani GB7493-87, pakuwunika njira ya nayitrogeni ya nitrate, onani GB7480-87, ndi njira yonse yowunikira nayitrogeni, onani GB 11894- -89. Nayitrogeni yonse imayimira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a nayitrogeni m'madzi. Ndichizindikiro chofunikira chowongolera kuwononga madzi achilengedwe komanso gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera zimbudzi.
23. Kodi njira zodzitetezera poyezera nayitrogeni wa ammonia ndi ziti?
Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ammonia nitrogen ndi njira za colorimetric, zomwe ndi Nessler's reagent colorimetric njira (GB 7479-87) ndi salicylic acid-hypochlorite njira (GB 7481-87). Zitsanzo za madzi zimatha kusungidwa ndi acidification ndi sulfuric acid. Njira yeniyeni ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito concentrated sulfuric acid kusintha pH ya madzi kuti ikhale pakati pa 1.5 ndi 2, ndikuyisunga pamalo a 4oC. Zochepa zozindikirika za njira ya Nessler reagent colorimetric ndi salicylic acid-hypochlorite njira ndi 0.05mg/L ndi 0.01mg/L (yowerengeredwa mu N) motsatana. Poyesa zitsanzo za madzi ndi ndende pamwamba pa 0.2mg / L Pamene, njira ya volumetric (CJ / T75-1999) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kuti mupeze zotsatira zolondola, ziribe kanthu njira yowunikira yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, chitsanzo cha madzi chiyenera kutayidwa kale poyesa ammonia nitrogen.
Mtengo wa pH wa zitsanzo za madzi umakhudza kwambiri kutsimikiza kwa ammonia. Ngati pH ili yokwera kwambiri, mankhwala ena okhala ndi nayitrogeni amasinthidwa kukhala ammonia. Ngati pH mtengo ndi wotsika kwambiri, gawo la ammonia limakhalabe m'madzi panthawi yotentha ndi distillation. Kuti mupeze zotsatira zolondola, chitsanzo cha madzi chiyenera kusinthidwa kuti chisalowerere musanayambe kusanthula. Ngati chitsanzo cha madzi ndi acidic kwambiri kapena alkaline, pH mtengo ukhoza kusinthidwa kukhala wosalowerera ndi 1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution kapena 1mol/L sulfuric acid solution. Kenaka yikani phosphate buffer solution kuti musunge pH mtengo pa 7.4, ndiyeno muzichita distillation. Pambuyo kutentha, ammonia amasanduka nthunzi m'madzi mu mpweya. Panthawiyi, 0.01 ~ 0.02mol / L kuchepetsa sulfuric acid (njira ya phenol-hypochlorite) kapena 2% kuchepetsa boric acid (Njira ya Nessler's reagent) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti idye.
Kwa zitsanzo zina zamadzi zomwe zili ndi Ca2+ yayikulu, mutatha kuwonjezera yankho la phosphate buffer, Ca2+ ndi PO43- amapanga Ca3 (PO43-)2 osasungunuka ndikutulutsa H + mu phosphate, yomwe imachepetsa pH. Mwachiwonekere, ma Ioni ena omwe amatha kukwera ndi phosphate amathanso kukhudza pH ya zitsanzo za madzi pa kutentha kwa distillation. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pa zitsanzo zamadzi zotere, ngakhale pH itasinthidwa kuti ikhale yosalowerera ndale ndipo yankho la phosphate buffer litawonjezedwa, mtengo wa pH udzakhala wotsika kwambiri kuposa mtengo womwe ukuyembekezeka. Choncho, kwa zitsanzo za madzi osadziwika, yesaninso pH mtengo pambuyo pa distillation. Ngati mtengo wa pH suli pakati pa 7.2 ndi 7.6, kuchuluka kwa yankho la buffer kuyenera kuwonjezeka. Nthawi zambiri, 10 mL ya phosphate buffer solution iyenera kuwonjezeredwa pa 250 mg iliyonse ya calcium.
24. Kodi ndi zizindikiro zotani za ubwino wa madzi zomwe zimasonyeza zomwe zili ndi phosphorous m'madzi? Kodi zimagwirizana bwanji?
Phosphorus ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kuti zamoyo zam'madzi zikule. Phosphorous yambiri m'madzi imakhalapo m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phosphates, ndipo pang'ono imakhalapo mu mawonekedwe a organic phosphorous mankhwala. Phosphates m'madzi akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: orthophosphate ndi condensed phosphate. Orthophosphate imatanthawuza ma phosphates omwe amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, etc., pamene phosphate condensed imaphatikizapo pyrophosphate ndi metaphosphoric acid. Mchere ndi polymeric phosphates, monga P2O74-, P3O105-, HP3O92-, (PO3) 63-, etc. Organophosphorus mankhwala makamaka phosphates, phosphites, pyrophosphates, hypophosphites ndi amine phosphates. Kuchuluka kwa phosphorous ndi phosphorous organic amatchedwa phosphorous okwana ndipo ndi chizindikiro chofunika madzi.
Njira yowunikira phosphorous yonse (onani GB 11893-89 panjira zenizeni) ili ndi njira ziwiri zofunika. Choyamba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito okosijeni kusintha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phosphorous mu zitsanzo za madzi kukhala phosphates. Gawo lachiwiri ndi kuyeza orthophosphate, ndiyeno n'zosiyana Werengani okwana phosphorous zili. Panthawi yoyeretsa zimbudzi zachizolowezi, kuchuluka kwa phosphate m'chimbudzi cholowa m'chida chopangira mankhwala a biochemical ndi madzi osefukira a thanki yachiwiri ya sedimentation ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikuyeza. Ngati phosphate yomwe ili m'madzi obwerayo ndi yosakwanira, feteleza wa phosphate ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti awonjezere; ngati phosphate zili m'thanki yachiwiri ya sedimentation kuposa muyezo wapadziko lonse wa 0.5mg/L, njira zochotsera phosphorous ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
25. Kodi chenjezo lotani la kutsimikiza kwa phosphate?
Njira yoyezera mankwala ndi yakuti pansi pa acidic, phosphate ndi ammonium molybdate amapanga phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, yomwe imachepetsedwa kukhala buluu (wotchedwa molybdenum blue) pogwiritsa ntchito kuchepetsa wothandizira stannous chloride kapena ascorbic acid. Njira CJ/T78-1999), mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito mafuta amchere kuti mupange mitundu ingapo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti muyezetse mwachindunji ma spectrophotometric.
Zitsanzo za madzi okhala ndi phosphorous ndi zosakhazikika ndipo zimawunikidwa bwino mukangosonkhanitsa. Ngati kusanthula sikungachitike nthawi yomweyo, onjezerani 40 mg mercury chloride kapena 1 mL concentrated sulfuric acid pa lita iliyonse ya madzi kuti asungidwe, ndipo sungani mu botolo lagalasi lofiirira ndikuyika mufiriji ya 4oC. Ngati chitsanzo cha madzi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza phosphorous yonse, palibe mankhwala otetezera omwe amafunikira.
Popeza phosphate imatha kuikidwa pamakoma a mabotolo apulasitiki, mabotolo apulasitiki sangagwiritsidwe ntchito kusunga zitsanzo za madzi. Mabotolo onse agalasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ayenera kutsukidwa ndi madzi otentha a hydrochloric acid kapena kuchepetsa nitric acid, kenako nkuchapidwa kangapo ndi madzi osungunuka.
26. Kodi ndi zizindikiro ziti zosiyanasiyana zimene zimasonyeza zimene zili m’madzi?
Zinthu zolimba m'zimbudzi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zoyandama pamadzi, zotayidwa m'madzi, zinthu zotayira pansi zimamira pansi ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe zimasungunuka m'madzi. Zinthu zoyandama ndi zidutswa zazikulu kapena tinthu tating'ono ta zonyansa zomwe zimayandama pamadzi ndipo zimakhala zocheperako kuposa madzi. Inaimitsidwa nkhani yaing'ono tinthu zonyansa inaimitsidwa m'madzi. Sedimentable matter ndi zonyansa zomwe zimatha kukhazikika pansi pamadzi pakapita nthawi. Pafupifupi zimbudzi zonse zimakhala ndi zinthu zotayirira komanso zovuta. Zinthu zotayidwa makamaka zopangidwa ndi organic zinthu zimatchedwa matope, ndipo zinthu zotayidwa makamaka zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosakhala ndi organic zimatchedwa zotsalira. Zinthu zoyandama nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuziwerengera, koma zinthu zina zingapo zolimba zimatha kuyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zotsatirazi.
Chizindikiro chomwe chikuwonetsa zonse zolimba m'madzi ndi zolimba zonse, kapena zolimba zonse. Malinga ndi kusungunuka kwa zinthu zolimba m'madzi, zolimba zonse zitha kugawidwa kukhala zolimba zosungunuka (Zosungunuka Zolimba, zofupikitsidwa monga DS) ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa (Suspend Solid, chidule cha SS). Malinga ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zolimba m'madzi, zolimba zonse zimatha kugawidwa kukhala zolimba zolimba (VS) ndi zolimba zokhazikika (FS, zomwe zimatchedwanso phulusa). Pakati pawo, zolimba zosungunuka (DS) ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa (SS) zitha kugawikanso kukhala zolimba zosungunuka, zosasunthika zosasunthika, zoyimitsidwa zosasunthika, zoyimitsidwa zosasunthika ndi zizindikiro zina.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-28-2023
