62.Kodi njira zoyezera cyanide ndi ziti?
Njira zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri za cyanide ndi volumetric titration ndi spectrophotometry. GB7486-87 ndi GB7487-87 motsatana amafotokoza njira zotsimikizika za cyanide ndi cyanide. Njira ya volumetric titration ndiyoyenera kuwunika zitsanzo zamadzi a cyanide apamwamba kwambiri, okhala ndi miyeso ya 1 mpaka 100 mg / L; njira ya spectrophotometric imaphatikizapo isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone colorimetric njira ndi arsine-barbituric acid colorimetric njira. Ndikoyenera kuwunika zitsanzo za madzi a cyanide otsika kwambiri, okhala ndi miyeso ya 0.004 ~ 0.25mg/L.
Mfundo ya volumetric titration ndikuthira ndi muyeso wa silver nitrate solution. Ma cyanide ions ndi silver nitrate amapanga ma ions osungunuka a silver cyanide. Ma ions asiliva ochulukirapo amakhudzidwa ndi njira yowonetsera silver chloride, ndipo yankho limasintha kuchokera kuchikasu kupita ku red lalanje. Mfundo ya spectrophotometry ndi yakuti, pansi pa zinthu zopanda ndale, cyanide imagwirizana ndi chloramine T kupanga cyanogen chloride, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi apyridine kupanga glutenedialdehyde, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi apyridinone kapena barbine Tomic acid imapanga utoto wabuluu kapena wofiira, ndi kuya kwa utoto. mtundu umagwirizana ndi cyanide.
Pali zinthu zina zosokoneza mumiyezo ya titration ndi spectrophotometry, ndipo njira zodzitetezera monga kuwonjezera mankhwala enaake ndi pre-distillation nthawi zambiri zimafunikira. Pamene kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosokoneza sikuli kwakukulu kwambiri, cholingacho chikhoza kutheka kupyolera mu pre-distillation.
63. Njira zodzitetezera poyezera cyanide ndi ziti?
⑴Cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri, komanso arsenic ndi poizoni. Chenjezo lowonjezera liyenera kuchitidwa pakuwunika, ndipo kuyenera kuchitidwa muufuwo kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa kwa khungu ndi maso. Pamene ndende ya kusokoneza zinthu mu madzi chitsanzo si lalikulu kwambiri, sianidi yosavuta n'kukhala hydrogen cyanide ndi kumasulidwa m'madzi mwa chisanadze distillation pansi acidic zinthu, ndiyeno anasonkhana kudzera sodium hydroxide kutsuka njira, ndiyeno losavuta. cyanide imasinthidwa kukhala hydrogen cyanide. Siyanitsani cyanide yosavuta kuchokera ku cyanide yovuta, onjezerani kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndikuchepetsa kuzindikira.
⑵ Ngati kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosokoneza m'miyeso yamadzi ndikokulirapo, njira zoyenera ziyenera kuchitidwa kaye kuti zithetse zotsatira zake. Kukhalapo kwa okosijeni kudzawola cyanide. Ngati mukuganiza kuti m'madzi muli ma okosijeni, mutha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa sodium thiosulfate kuti muchepetse kusokoneza kwake. Zitsanzo zamadzi ziyenera kusungidwa m'mabotolo a polyethylene ndikuwunikidwa pasanathe maola 24 mutatolera. Ngati ndi kotheka, olimba sodium hydroxide kapena moyikira sodium hydroxide yankho ayenera kuonjezera pH mtengo wa chitsanzo madzi 12 ~ 12.5.
⑶ Panthawi ya acidic distillation, sulfide imatha kusinthidwa kukhala hydrogen sulfide ndikumwedwa ndi madzi amchere, motero iyenera kuchotsedwa pasadakhale. Pali njira ziwiri zochotsera sulfure. Mmodzi ndi kuwonjezera okosijeni amene sangathe oxidize CN- (monga potaziyamu permanganate) pansi acidic mikhalidwe kuti oxidize S2- ndiyeno distill izo; china ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa CdCO3 kapena CbCO3 ufa wolimba kuti apange zitsulo. The sulfide precipitates, ndipo mpweya umasefedwa ndiyeno distilled.
⑷Panthawi ya acidic distillation, zinthu zamafuta zimathanso kukhala nthunzi. Panthawiyi, mungagwiritse ntchito (1 + 9) acetic acid kuti musinthe pH ya chitsanzo cha madzi kukhala 6 ~ 7, ndiyeno mwamsanga kuwonjezera 20% ya voliyumu ya madzi ku hexane kapena chloroform. Tingafinye (osati kangapo), ndiye nthawi yomweyo gwiritsani ntchito sodium hydroxide solution kuti mukweze pH ya madzi a 12 ~ 12.5 ndikusungunula.
⑸ Panthawi ya acidic distillation ya zitsanzo zamadzi zomwe zimakhala ndi carbonates wambiri, carbon dioxide idzatulutsidwa ndikusonkhanitsidwa ndi sodium hydroxide washing solution, zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira zake. Mukakumana ndi zimbudzi za carbonate zochulukirapo, calcium hydroxide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwa sodium hydroxide kukonza zitsanzo zamadzi, kuti pH yamadzi ionjezeke mpaka 12 ~ 12.5 ndipo ikagwa mvula, chowonjezera chimathiridwa mu botolo lachitsanzo. .
⑹ Mukayesa cyanide pogwiritsa ntchito photometry, mtengo wa pH wa yankho umakhudza mwachindunji kuyamwa kwa mtunduwo. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa alkali mu njira yoyamwitsa kuyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa ndipo mphamvu ya phosphate buffer iyenera kutsatiridwa. Mukawonjezera kuchuluka kwa buffer, chidwi chiyenera kulipidwa kuti muwone ngati mulingo woyenera wa pH ungafikidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, phosphate buffer ikakonzedwa, mtengo wake wa pH uyenera kuyezedwa ndi mita ya pH kuti muwone ngati ikukwaniritsa zofunikira kuti mupewe kupatuka kwakukulu chifukwa cha zonyansa zonyansa kapena kupezeka kwa madzi akristalo.
⑺Kusintha kwa chlorine yomwe ilipo mu ammonium chloride T ndi chifukwa chodziwika bwino cha cyanide yodziwika bwino. Pamene palibe chitukuko cha mtundu kapena kukula kwa mtundu sikuli mzere ndipo kukhudzidwa kumakhala kochepa, kuwonjezera pa kupatuka kwa pH mtengo wa yankho, nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi khalidwe la ammonium chloride T. Choncho, zomwe zilipo chlorine Ammonium chloride T iyenera kukhala pamwamba pa 11%. Ngati wavunda kapena ali ndi turbid precipitate pambuyo pokonzekera, sungagwiritsidwenso ntchito.
64.Kodi ma biophase ndi chiyani?
Mu aerobic biological treatment ndondomeko, mosasamala kanthu za mawonekedwe ndi ndondomeko, organic kanthu m'madzi otayidwa ndi oxidized ndi decomposed mu inorganic kanthu kudzera ntchito kagayidwe kachakudya sludge adamulowetsa ndi biofilm tizilombo mu dongosolo mankhwala. Motero madzi oipa amayeretsedwa. Ubwino wa madzi otayira oyeretsedwa umagwirizana ndi mtundu, kuchuluka kwake komanso kagayidwe kake ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timapanga matope ndi biofilm. Mapangidwe ndi kasamalidwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku kanyumba zoyeretsera madzi akuwonongeka makamaka kuti apereke malo abwino okhalamo ma sludge ndi ma biofilm microorganisms omwe atsegulidwa kuti athe kuwonetsa mphamvu zawo za metabolic.
Mu ndondomeko ya kwachilengedwenso mankhwala a madzi oipa, tizilombo ndi gulu lonse: adamulowetsa sludge wapangidwa zosiyanasiyana tizilombo, ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ayenera kuyanjana wina ndi mzake ndi kukhala ndi chilengedwe moyenera chilengedwe. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana tili ndi malamulo awoawo akukula m'machitidwe azachipatala. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zamoyo zikachuluka, mabakiteriya amene amadya zinthu zamoyo amakhala ambiri ndipo mwachibadwa amakhala ndi tizilombo tochuluka kwambiri. Pamene chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya chikukula, protozoa yomwe imadyetsa mabakiteriya idzawonekera, ndiyeno micrometazoa yomwe imadyetsa mabakiteriya ndi protozoa idzawonekera.
Kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta matope oyendetsedwa ndi matope kumathandiza kumvetsetsa momwe madzi amayeretsera madzi oyipa kudzera pa microbial microscopy. Ngati chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma flagellates chimapezeka panthawi yowunika ma microscopic, zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo m'madzi onyansa akadali apamwamba ndipo chithandizo china chikufunika; pamene ma ciliates osambira amapezeka pakuwunika kwazing'ono, zikutanthawuza kuti madzi otayira adagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo wina; pamene ma sessile ciliates amapezeka pansi pa kufufuza kwa microscopic, Pamene chiwerengero cha ma ciliates osambira ndi ochepa, zikutanthauza kuti pali zinthu zochepa za organic ndi mabakiteriya aulere m'madzi otayira, ndipo madzi onyansa ali pafupi ndi okhazikika; pamene rotifers amapezeka pansi pa maikulosikopu, zikutanthauza kuti khalidwe la madzi ndi lokhazikika.
65.Kodi biographic microscopy ndi chiyani? ntchito yake ndi chiyani?
Biophase microscopy imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kungoyerekeza momwe madzi alili. Ndichiyeso chamkhalidwe wabwino ndipo sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chizindikiritso chaubwino wa utsi wochokera ku malo opangira madzi oyipa. Kuti muwone kusintha kwa katsatidwe ka microfauna, kuwerengera pafupipafupi kumafunikanso.
Dongosolo loyatsidwa ndi biofilm ndizinthu zazikulu zopangira madzi onyansa achilengedwe. Kukula, kuberekana, kagayidwe kachakudya ka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono komanso kutsatizana pakati pa mitundu ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kumatha kuwonetsa mwachindunji momwe amachiritsira. Poyerekeza ndi kutsimikiza kwa organic matter ndi zinthu zapoizoni, biophase microscopy ndiyosavuta. Mukhoza kumvetsa kusintha ndi kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kuchepa kwa protozoa mu sludge adamulowetsa nthawi iliyonse, ndipo potero inu mukhoza preliminarily kuweruza mlingo wa kuyeretsedwa kwa zimbudzi kapena khalidwe la madzi obwera. komanso ngati machitidwe ogwirira ntchito ndi abwinobwino. Choncho, kuwonjezera pa ntchito thupi ndi mankhwala njira kuyeza katundu adamulowetsa sludge, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu kuona munthu morphology, kukula kayendedwe ndi wachibale kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toweruza ntchito ya madzi otayira mankhwala, kuti azindikire zachilendo. zochitika msanga ndikuchitapo kanthu panthawi yake. Zoyenera zotsutsana ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti chipangizochi chikugwira ntchito mokhazikika komanso kukonza zotsatira za mankhwala.
66. Kodi tiyenera kulabadira chiyani tikamaona zamoyo zomwe zili pansi pa kukula kochepa?
Kuyang'anitsitsa kutsika ndikuwonetsetsa chithunzi chonse cha gawo lachilengedwe. Samalani kukula kwa sludge floc, kulimba kwa matope, kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya odzola ndi mabakiteriya a filamentous ndi kukula kwake, ndikulemba ndikulongosola zofunikira. . Sludge yokhala ndi zinyalala zazikulu imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso kukana mwamphamvu kutengera katundu wambiri.
Ma flocs a matope amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu molingana ndi mainchesi awo: zinyalala zokhala ndi mainchesi> 500 μm zimatchedwa matope akulu-grained,<150 μm are small-grained sludge, and those between 150 500 medium-grained sludge. .
Makhalidwe a sludge flocs amatanthawuza mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe, kulimba kwa sludge flocs ndi chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya otchedwa filamentous mu sludge. Pakuwunika kwapang'onopang'ono, zinyalala zomwe zimakhala pafupifupi zozungulira zimatha kutchedwa zozungulira, ndipo zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zozungulira zimatchedwa flocs zowoneka bwino.
Ma voids a netiweki mumagulu olumikizidwa ndi kuyimitsidwa kunja kwa ma flocs amatchedwa zotseguka, ndipo omwe alibe ma voids otseguka amatchedwa zotsekeka. Mabakiteriya a micelle mu flocs amakonzedwa mochuluka, ndipo omwe ali ndi malire omveka bwino pakati pa mapiri a floc ndi kuyimitsidwa kwakunja amatchedwa flocs yolimba, pamene omwe ali ndi m'mphepete mwake amatchedwa loose flocs.
Kuyeserera kwatsimikizira kuti zozungulira, zotsekeka, komanso zophatikizika ndizosavuta kulumikiza ndi kuyang'anana wina ndi mnzake, komanso kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino. Apo ayi, ntchito yokhazikika ndiyosauka.
67. Kodi tiyenera kulabadira chiyani tikamayang'ana zamoyo zomwe zili pansi pakukula kwakukulu?
Kuyang'ana ndi kukulitsa kwakukulu, mutha kuwonanso mawonekedwe anyama zazing'ono. Mukamayang'ana, muyenera kulabadira mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka mkati mwa nyama zazing'ono, monga ngati pali maselo a chakudya m'thupi la nyongolotsi za belu, kugwedezeka kwa ma ciliates, ndi zina zambiri. makulidwe ndi mtundu wa odzola, kuchuluka kwa atsopano odzola clumps, etc. Poona mabakiteriya filamentous, tcheru ngati pali lipid zinthu ndi sulfure particles anasonkhana mu filamentous mabakiteriya. Pa nthawi yomweyo, tcherani khutu makonzedwe, mawonekedwe ndi kayendedwe ka maselo mu filamentous mabakiteriya kuti poyamba kuweruza mtundu wa filamentous mabakiteriya (kupitirira chizindikiritso cha mabakiteriya filamentous). mitundu imafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mandala amafuta ndi kudetsa kwa zitsanzo za sludge).
68. Momwe mungasinthire tizilombo tating'onoting'ono poyang'ana gawo lachilengedwe?
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi ta filamentous, bowa wa filamentous, filamentous algae (cyanobacteria) ndi ma cell ena omwe amalumikizidwa ndikupanga filamentous thalli. Pakati pawo, mabakiteriya a filamentous ndi omwe amapezeka kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi mabakiteriya omwe ali mu gulu la colloidal, ndiye chigawo chachikulu cha sludge floc. Filamentous mabakiteriya ali ndi mphamvu yamphamvu oxidize ndi kuwola organic kanthu. Komabe, chifukwa cha malo akuluakulu enieni a mabakiteriya a filamentous, pamene mabakiteriya a filamentous mu sludge amaposa mabakiteriya odzola odzola ndikulamulira kukula, mabakiteriya a filamentous amachoka ku floc kupita ku sludge. Zowonjezera zakunja zidzalepheretsa mgwirizano pakati pa flocs ndikuwonjezera mtengo wa SV ndi mtengo wa SVI wa sludge. Pazovuta kwambiri, zingayambitse kukula kwa matope. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya a filamentous ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a sludge.
Malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha mabakiteriya filamentous kwa gelatinous mabakiteriya adamulowetsa sludge, mabakiteriya filamentous akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu asanu: ①00 - pafupifupi palibe filamentous mabakiteriya mu sludge; ②± kalasi - pali mabakiteriya ochepa opanda filamentous mumatope. Kalasi ③+ - Pali sing'anga mabakiteriya filamentous mu sludge, ndipo chiwerengero chonsecho ndi chochepa kuposa mabakiteriya mu odzola misa; Kalasi ④++ - Pali mabakiteriya ambiri a filamentous mumatope, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kofanana ndi mabakiteriya omwe ali mu jelly mass; ⑤++ Kalasi - Ma sludge flocs ali ndi mabakiteriya a filamentous monga mafupa, ndipo chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya chimaposa kwambiri mabakiteriya a micelle.
69. Kodi kusintha adamulowetsa sludge tizilombo tiyenera kulabadira pa kwachilengedwenso gawo kuonera?
Pali mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono mu sludge yomwe yakhazikitsidwa m'mafakitale ochotsa zimbudzi. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira momwe matope omwe adayambitsidwira poyang'ana kusintha kwa mitundu ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mawonekedwe, kuchuluka kwake komanso mayendedwe. Komabe, chifukwa cha ubwino wa madzi, tizilombo tating'ono ting'onoting'ono sitingathe kuwonedwa mumatope omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opangira madzi onyansa, ndipo pangakhale palibe nyama zazing'ono. Ndiye kuti, magawo azachilengedwe a mafakitale osiyanasiyana otsuka madzi oyipa amasiyana kwambiri.
⑴Kusintha kwa mitundu ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono
Mitundu ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta sludge idzasintha ndi khalidwe la madzi ndi magawo ogwirira ntchito. Panthawi yolima matope, matope akamayatsidwa pang'onopang'ono, madzi amadzimadzi amasintha kuchoka ku matope mpaka kuyera, ndipo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tamatope timasintha nthawi zonse. Pa ntchito yachibadwa, kusintha kwa sludge tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kumatsatiranso malamulo ena, ndipo kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka za kapabumwe kapanganikambokamboANIlwenicace99cace99999999900000 -0 pantchitokgano vile vile vilekubo vile vileshuwa tshiajini yachitsulo ndi mavairasi. Mwachitsanzo, matope akamasungunuka, padzakhala ma ciliate osambira ambiri, ndipo pamene matope amadzimadzi akuipiraipira, amoebae ndi flagellates adzawonekera mochuluka.
⑵Kusintha kwa zochitika zazing'ono
Ubwino wa madzi ukasintha, momwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timasinthira, ngakhale mawonekedwe a tizilombo adzasintha ndikusintha kwamadzi onyansa. Kutenga mphutsi monga mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kwa cilia kugwedezeka, kuchuluka kwa thovu za chakudya zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa m'thupi, kukula kwa thovu la telescopic ndi maonekedwe ena onse adzasintha ndi kusintha kwa kukula kwa chilengedwe. Pamene mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi uli wokwera kwambiri kapena wotsika kwambiri, vacuole nthawi zambiri imatuluka pamutu wa mphutsi ya belu. M'madzi obwerawo mukakhala zinthu zambiri zokanira kapena kutentha kwachepa kwambiri, mawotchiwo amakhala osagwira ntchito, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tazakudya timatha kudziunjikira m'matupi awo, zomwe pamapeto pake zimatha kufa ndi tizilombo. Phindu la pH likasintha, cilia pa thupi la wotchi imasiya kugwedezeka.
⑶Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono
Pali mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta sludge, koma kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tingasonyezenso kusintha kwa madzi. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya otchedwa filamentous mabakiteriya amakhala opindulitsa kwambiri akakhala oyenerera pa nthawi yogwira ntchito bwino, koma kupezeka kwawo kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya odzola, kuwonjezereka kwa matope, ndi khalidwe lotayirira. Kuwonekera kwa ma flagellates mu sludge yomwe imayendetsedwa imasonyeza kuti matope amayamba kukula ndi kuberekana, koma kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha flagellates nthawi zambiri kumakhala chizindikiro cha kuchepa kwa mankhwala. Maonekedwe amtundu wambiri wa mbozi nthawi zambiri amakhala chiwonetsero chakukula kokhwima kwa matope omwe adalowetsedwa. Panthawiyi, zotsatira za chithandizo ndi zabwino, ndipo ma rotifers ochepa kwambiri amatha kuwonedwa nthawi imodzi. Ngati ma rotifer ambiri akuwoneka mumatope omwe atsegulidwa, nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kuti matopewo ndi okalamba kapena oxidized, ndipo pambuyo pake matopewo amatha kusweka ndipo mtundu wamadziwo ukhoza kutsika.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-08-2023
