Kufunika kwa okosijeni wa Chemical kumatchedwanso chemical oxygen demand (chemical oxygen demand), yotchedwa COD. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okosijeni (monga potaziyamu permanganate) kuti oxidize ndi kuwola oxidizable zinthu m'madzi (monga organic kanthu, nitrite, ferrous mchere, sulfide, etc.), ndi ...
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