Kusanthula m'mafakitale opangira zimbudzi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yogwirira ntchito. Zotsatira za kusanthula ndizo maziko a malamulo oyendetsa madzi a m'madzi. Choncho, kulondola kwa kusanthula kumafunika kwambiri. Kulondola kwa mfundo zowunikira ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti ntchito yokhazikika ya dongosololi ndi yolondola komanso yololera!
1. Kutsimikiza kwa kufunikira kwa oxygen (CODcr)
Kufunika kwa okosijeni wa Chemical: kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa okosijeni omwe amadyedwa pamene potassium dichromate imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati okosijeni popangira zitsanzo za madzi pansi pa asidi amphamvu komanso kutentha, unit ndi mg/L. M'dziko langa, njira ya potassium dichromate imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko. .
1. Mfundo ya njira
Mu njira yamphamvu ya acidic, kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu dichromate kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga oxidize zinthu zochepetsera mumtsuko wamadzi. Kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu dichromate kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro ndipo ferrous ammonium sulphate solution imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudontha kumbuyo. Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wogwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa zinthu zomwe zili m'madzi kutengera kuchuluka kwa ferrous ammonium sulfate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. .
2. Zida
(1) Chipangizo cha Reflux: chipangizo cha reflux cha magalasi onse chokhala ndi 250ml conical flask (ngati voliyumu ya sampuli ndi yoposa 30ml, gwiritsani ntchito chipangizo cha reflux cha magalasi onse ndi 500ml conical flask). .
(2) Chida chowotcha: mbale yamagetsi yamagetsi kapena ng'anjo yamagetsi yosinthika. .
(3) 50ml asidi titrant. .
3. Reagents
(1) Potaziyamu dichromate standard solution (1/6=0.2500mol/L:) Yezani 12.258g ya dichromate ya potaziyamu yokhazikika kapena yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe yawumitsidwa pa 120°C kwa maola awiri, isungunuleni m’madzi, ndi kusamutsira ku botolo la volumetric 1000ml. Sungunulani ku chizindikiro ndikugwedezani bwino. .
(2) Yesani njira yowonetsera ferrousin: Yesani 1.485g ya phenanthroline, sungunulani 0.695g ya ferrous sulfate m'madzi, tsitsani mpaka 100ml, ndikusunga mu botolo la bulauni. .
(3) Ferrous ammonium sulfate standard solution: Yezani 39.5g ya ferrous ammonium sulfate ndikusungunula m’madzi. Pamene mukuyambitsa, pang'onopang'ono onjezerani 20ml wa concentrated sulfuric acid. Pambuyo pozizira, tumizani ku botolo la volumetric 1000ml, onjezerani madzi kuti muchepetse chizindikirocho, ndikugwedezani bwino. Musanagwiritse ntchito, sungani ndi potaziyamu dichromate njira yothetsera. .
Njira yowerengera: Yanitsani bwino 10.00ml potassium dichromate solution ndi 500ml Erlenmeyer botolo, onjezerani madzi kuti asungunuke pafupifupi 110ml, pang'onopang'ono onjezerani 30ml concentrated sulfuric acid, ndi kusakaniza. Mukaziziritsa, onjezerani madontho atatu a ferroline indicator solution (pafupifupi 0.15ml) ndi titrate ndi ferrous ammonium sulfate. Mtundu wa yankho umasintha kuchokera kuchikasu kupita ku buluu-wobiriwira kupita ku bulauni wofiira ndipo ndi mapeto. .
C[(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2]=0.2500×10.00/V
Mu chilinganizo, c - ndende ya ferrous ammonium sulphate standard solution (mol/L); V—Mlingo wa ferrous ammonium sulphate standard titration solution (ml). .
(4) Sulphuric acid-silver sulfate solution: Onjezani 25g ya sulfate ya siliva ku 2500ml ya concentrated sulfuric acid. Siyani kwa masiku 1-2 ndikugwedezani nthawi ndi nthawi kuti musungunuke (ngati palibe chidebe cha 2500ml, onjezerani 5g silver sulfate ku 500ml concentrated sulfuric acid). .
(5) Mercury sulphate: kristalo kapena ufa. .
4. Zinthu zofunika kuzindikila
(1) Kuchuluka kwa ayoni a kloridi omwe amatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito 0.4g ya mercury sulfate amatha kufika 40mL. Mwachitsanzo, ngati madzi a 20.00mL atengedwa, amatha kusokoneza chitsanzo cha madzi ndi chloride ion concentration ya 2000mg/L. Ngati chloride ion ndende ndi yotsika, mutha kuwonjezera mercury sulphate yocheperako kuti mukhalebe ndi mercury sulfate:chloride ion = 10:1 (W/W). Ngati pang'ono mercury chloride precipitates, izo sizimakhudza muyeso. .
(2) Voliyumu yochotsa zitsanzo zamadzi imatha kukhala mumtundu wa 10.00-50.00mL, koma mlingo wa reagent ndi ndende zitha kusinthidwa moyenera kuti mupeze zotsatira zogwira mtima. .
(3) Pazitsanzo za madzi okhala ndi okosijeni wamankhwala amafunikira zosakwana 50mol/L, ayenera kukhala 0.0250mol/L potaziyamu dichromate njira yokhazikika. Mukadontha kumbuyo, gwiritsani ntchito 0.01/L ferrous ammonium sulphate solution. .
(4) Chitsanzo cha madzi chikatenthedwa ndi kusinthidwa, chotsalira cha potaziyamu dichromate mu yankho chiyenera kukhala 1/5-4/5 ya ndalama zochepa zomwe zawonjezeredwa. .
(5) Pamene ntchito muyezo njira ya potaziyamu haidrojeni phthalate kuyesa khalidwe ndi ntchito luso reagent, popeza ongolankhula CODCr pa galamu potaziyamu haidrojeni phthalate ndi 1.167g, sungunulani 0.4251L potaziyamu wa hydrogen phthalate ndi iwiri distilled madzi. , itumizireni ku botolo la voliyumu ya 1000mL, ndi kusungunula ku chizindikirocho ndi madzi osungunuka kawiri kuti apange njira yothetsera 500mg/L CODCr. Zokonzedwa kumene zikagwiritsidwa ntchito. .
(6) Zotsatira za kuyeza kwa CODCr ziyenera kusunga ziwerengero zitatu zofunika. .
(7) Pakuyesa kulikonse, ferrous ammonium sulphate standard titration solution iyenera kuyesedwa, ndipo chidwi chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa pakusintha kwa ndende yake pamene kutentha kwa chipinda kuli kwakukulu. .
5. Njira zoyezera
(1) Gwiritsirani ntchito madzi olowa ndi madzi otuluka ndi madzi otulutsiramo mofanana. .
(2) Tengani mabotolo atatu a Erlenmeyer apansi, olembedwa 0, 1, ndi 2; onjezani mikanda 6 yamagalasi ku botolo lililonse la 3 Erlenmeyer. .
(3) Onjezani 20 ml ya madzi osungunuka ku botolo la 0 Erlenmeyer (gwiritsani ntchito pipette yamafuta); onjezerani 5 ml ya madzi a chakudya mu botolo la 1 Erlenmeyer (gwiritsani ntchito 5 mL pipette, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito madzi odyetsa kuti mutsuka pipette). chubu katatu), kenaka yikani 15 mL madzi osungunuka (gwiritsani ntchito pipette yamafuta); onjezerani 20 ml ya zitsanzo zamadzimadzi mu botolo la 2 Erlenmeyer (gwiritsani ntchito pipette yamafuta, yambani pipette katatu ndi madzi obwera). .
(4) Onjezani 10 mL wa potaziyamu dichromate njira yosakhala yokhazikika pabotolo lililonse la 3 Erlenmeyer (gwiritsani ntchito 10 mL potassium dichromate non-standard solution pipette, ndi kutsuka pipette 3 ndi potassium dichromate non-standard solution) Wachiwiri) . .
(5) Ikani ma flasks a Erlenmeyer pa ng'anjo yamagetsi yamitundu yambiri, kenako tsegulani chitoliro chamadzi apampopi kuti mudzaze chubu cha condenser ndi madzi (musatsegule mpopiyo waukulu kwambiri, kutengera zomwe mwakumana nazo). .
(6) Onjezani 30 mL ya silver sulfate (pogwiritsa ntchito silinda yaying'ono yoyezera 25 mL) mu ma flasks atatu a Erlenmeyer kuchokera kumtunda kwa chubu cha condenser, ndiyeno gwedezani ma flasks atatu a Erlenmeyer mofanana. .
(7) Lumikizani ng'anjo yamagetsi yamitundu yambiri, yambitsani nthawi yowira, ndi kutentha kwa maola awiri. .
(8) Kutentha kukatha, chotsani ng'anjo yamagetsi yamitundu yambiri ndikuyilola kuti iziziziritsa kwa nthawi yayitali (kutengera nthawi yayitali bwanji). .
(9) Onjezani 90 mL ya madzi osungunuka kuchokera kumtunda wa chubu cha condenser kupita ku ma flasks atatu a Erlenmeyer (zifukwa zowonjezera madzi osungunuka: 1. Onjezerani madzi kuchokera ku chubu cha condenser kuti mulole madzi otsalira pakhoma lamkati la condenser. chubu kuti mulowe mu botolo la Erlenmeyer panthawi yotentha kuti muchepetse zolakwika .2. .
(10) Mukawonjezera madzi osungunuka, kutentha kumatulutsidwa. Chotsani botolo la Erlenmeyer ndikuziziritsa. .
(11) Mukazizila kotheratu, onjezerani madontho atatu a ferrous chizindikiro pa botolo lililonse la Erlenmeyer, ndiyeno gwedezani mabotolo atatu a Erlenmeyer mofanana. .
(12) Titrate ndi ferrous ammonium sulphate. Mtundu wa yankho umasintha kuchokera ku chikasu kupita ku buluu-wobiriwira kupita ku bulauni wofiira ngati mapeto. (Samalani kugwiritsa ntchito ma burette odziwikiratu. Pambuyo pa titration, kumbukirani kuwerenga ndi kukweza mlingo wamadzimadzi wa freette wodziwikiratu pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri musanapitirire ku titration yotsatira). .
(13) Lembani zowerengera ndikuwerengera zotsatira. .
2. Kutsimikiza kwa kufunikira kwa okosijeni wachilengedwe (BOD5)
Madzi onyansa a m'nyumba ndi otayira m'mafakitale amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Zikaipitsa madzi, zinthu zamoyo zimenezi zimawononga mpweya wochuluka wosungunuka zikamawola m’madzi, motero zimawononga mpweya wabwino wa m’madzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi. Kuperewera kwa mpweya m'madzi kumayambitsa kufa kwa nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. .
Kapangidwe ka zinthu zamoyo zomwe zili m'madzi ndizovuta, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kudziwa zigawo zake chimodzi ndi chimodzi. Anthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito okosijeni omwe amadyedwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi nthawi zina kuti awonetsere zomwe zili m'madzi. Kufunika kwa okosijeni wa biochemical ndi chizindikiro chofunikira chamtunduwu. .
Njira yachikale yoyezera kufunikira kwa okosijeni wa biochemical ndi njira ya dilution inoculation. .
Zitsanzo za madzi zoyezera kufunikira kwa okosijeni wa biochemical ziyenera kudzazidwa ndi kusindikizidwa m'mabotolo zikatoledwa. Sungani pa 0-4 digiri Celsius. Nthawi zambiri, kusanthula kuyenera kuchitika mkati mwa maola 6. Ngati pakufunika mayendedwe amtunda wautali. Mulimonsemo, nthawi yosungirako sayenera kupitirira maola 24. .
1. Mfundo ya njira
Kufunika kwa okosijeni kwachilengedwe kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wosungunuka womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito muzachilengedwe za tizilombo tomwe timawola zinthu zina zomwe zimawola, makamaka organic, m'madzi pansi pamikhalidwe yodziwika. Njira yonse ya biological oxidation imatenga nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo, akamakula pa madigiri 20 Celsius, zimatenga masiku opitilira 100 kuti amalize ntchitoyi. Pakalipano, nthawi zambiri amauzidwa kunyumba ndi kunja kuti ayambire kwa masiku 5 pa 20 kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsera 1 digiri Celsius, ndi kuyeza mpweya wosungunuka wa chitsanzo isanayambe kapena itatha kukulitsidwa. Kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi ndi mtengo wa BOD5, wofotokozedwa mu milligrams/lita ya okosijeni. .
Kwa madzi ena apamwamba komanso madzi owonongeka a mafakitale, chifukwa ali ndi zinthu zambiri zamoyo, amafunika kuchepetsedwa musanayambe chikhalidwe ndi muyeso kuti achepetse ndende yake ndikuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wokwanira wosungunuka. Kuchuluka kwa dilution kuyenera kukhala kotero kuti mpweya wosungunuka womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chikhalidwe ukhale woposa 2 mg/L, ndipo mpweya wotsala wosungunuka ndi woposa 1 mg/L. .
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti pali mpweya wokwanira wosungunuka pambuyo poti madzi asungunuka, madzi osungunuka nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mpweya, kotero kuti mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi osungunuka uli pafupi ndi machulukitsidwe. Kuchuluka kwa michere yazakudya zam'thupi ndi zinthu zosungira ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa m'madzi osungunuka kuti titsimikizire kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. .
Kwa madzi otayira m'mafakitale omwe ali ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kapena tating'onoting'ono, kuphatikizapo madzi otayira acidic, madzi otayira amchere, madzi otayira otentha kwambiri kapena otayidwa ndi chlorinated, inoculation iyenera kuchitidwa poyezera BOD5 kuti adziwe tizilombo tomwe titha kuwola zinthu zamoyo m'madzi onyansa. Pakakhala zinthu zamoyo m'madzi otayira zomwe zimakhala zovuta kunyozedwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta m'nyumba pa liwiro labwinobwino kapena tili ndi zinthu zoopsa kwambiri, tizirombo toweta timayenera kulowetsedwa m'madzimo kuti tiyikemo. Njirayi ndi yoyenera kutsimikizira zitsanzo za madzi ndi BOD5 zazikulu kuposa kapena zofanana ndi 2mg/L, ndipo kuchuluka kwake sikudutsa 6000mg/L. Pamene BOD5 ya chitsanzo cha madzi ndi yaikulu kuposa 6000mg/L, zolakwika zina zidzachitika chifukwa cha dilution. .
2. Zida
(1) Chofungatira kutentha kosasintha
(2) 5-20L yopapatiza pakamwa galasi botolo. .
(3)1000——2000ml silinda yoyezera
(4) Ndodo yagalasi yosonkhezera: Utali wa ndodo uyenera kukhala wautali 200mm kuposa kutalika kwa silinda yoyezera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mbale yolimba ya rabara yokhala ndi m'mimba mwake yaying'ono kuposa pansi pa silinda yoyezera ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono angapo amakhazikika pansi pa ndodo. .
(5) Botolo la okosijeni losungunuka: pakati pa 250ml ndi 300ml, ndi choyimitsa galasi pansi ndi pakamwa ngati belu kuti atseke madzi. .
(6) Siphon, amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera madzi ndi kuthira madzi osungunuka. .
3. Reagents
(1) Phosphate buffer solution: Sungunulani 8.5 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 21.75g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 33.4 sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate ndi 1.7g ammonium chloride m’madzi ndi kuchepetsa mpaka 1000ml. PH ya yankho ili iyenera kukhala 7.2
(2) Magnesium sulfate solution: Sungunulani 22.5g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate m’madzi ndi kusungunula mpaka 1000ml. .
(3) Calcium chloride solution: Sungunulani 27.5% anhydrous calcium chloride m’madzi ndi kusungunula mpaka 1000ml. .
(4) Ferric chloride solution: Sungunulani 0,25g ferric chloride hexahydrate m'madzi ndikuchepetsa mpaka 1000ml. .
(5) Hydrochloric acid solution: Sungunulani 40ml hydrochloric acid m'madzi ndikuchepetsa mpaka 1000ml.
(6) Sodium hydroxide solution: Sungunulani 20g sodium hydroxide m'madzi ndikuchepetsa mpaka 1000ml.
(7) Sulfite ya sodium: Sungunulani 1.575g sodium sulfite m'madzi ndikuchepetsa mpaka 1000ml. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yosakhazikika ndipo iyenera kukonzekera tsiku ndi tsiku. .
(8) Glucose-glutamic acid solution: Mukaumitsa shuga ndi glutamic acid pa 103 digiri Celsius kwa ola limodzi, yesani 150ml iliyonse ndikuyisungunula m'madzi, isamutseni mu botolo la voliyumu ya 1000ml ndikusungunula mpaka chizindikirocho, ndikusakaniza molingana. . Konzani yankho lokhazikikali musanagwiritse ntchito. .
(9) Madzi osungunula: Mtengo wa pH wa madzi osungunuka ukhale 7.2, ndipo BOD5 yake ikhale yosakwana 0.2ml/L. .
(10) Njira yotsekera: Nthawi zambiri, zimbudzi zapanyumba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zosiyidwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku, ndipo mphamvu yamphamvu imagwiritsidwa ntchito. .
(11) Madzi osungunula: Tengani madzi okwanira okwanira, onjezerani m'madzi osungunuka, ndikusakaniza bwino. Kuchuluka kwa njira ya inoculation yowonjezeredwa pa lita imodzi ya madzi osungunuka ndi 1-10ml ya zimbudzi zapakhomo; kapena 20-30ml ya nthaka exudate; PH mtengo wa inoculation dilution madzi ayenera kukhala 7.2. Mtengo wa BOD uyenera kukhala pakati pa 0.3-1.0 mg/L. The inoculation dilution madzi ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamsanga pambuyo kukonzekera. .
4. Kuwerengera
1. Zitsanzo zamadzi zimamera mwachindunji popanda dilution
BOD5(mg/L)=C1-C2
Mwachidule: C1——kusungunuka kwa mpweya wa okosijeni wa zitsanzo za madzi pamaso pa chikhalidwe (mg/L);
C2——Kutsalira kwa okosijeni wosungunuka (mg/L) pambuyo poti chitsanzo cha madzi chaikidwa kwa masiku asanu. .
2. Zitsanzo za madzi otukuka pambuyo dilution
BOD5(mg/L)=[(C1-C2)—(B1-B2)f1]∕f2
Mwachidule: C1——kusungunuka kwa mpweya wa okosijeni wa zitsanzo za madzi pamaso pa chikhalidwe (mg/L);
C2--Kutsalira kusungunuka kwa okosijeni (mg / L) pambuyo pa masiku a 5 a incubation ya madzi;
B1——Kusungunuka kwa okosijeni wa madzi osungunula (kapena madzi otsekemera a inoculation) pamaso pa chikhalidwe (mg/L);
B2——Kusungunuka kwa okosijeni wa madzi osungunuka (kapena madzi otsekemera a inoculation) pambuyo pa chikhalidwe (mg/L);
f1——Chigawo cha madzi osungunuka (kapena madzi osungunula) m’njira ya chikhalidwe;
f2——Chigawo cha zitsanzo za madzi m’njira ya chikhalidwe. .
B1——Oxygen wosungunuka wa madzi osungunuka pamaso pa chikhalidwe;
B2——Kusungunuka kwa okosijeni wa madzi osungunula pambuyo pa kulima;
f1——Chigawo cha madzi osungunuka m’njira ya chikhalidwe;
f2——Chigawo cha zitsanzo za madzi m’njira ya chikhalidwe. .
Chidziwitso: Kuwerengera kwa f1 ndi f2: Mwachitsanzo, ngati chiŵerengero cha dilution cha sing'anga ya chikhalidwe ndi 3%, ndiye kuti, magawo atatu a zitsanzo za madzi ndi magawo 97 a madzi osungunuka, ndiye f1=0.97 ndi f2=0.03. .
5. Zinthu zofunika kuzindikila
(1) The biological oxidation process of organic matter m'madzi imatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri. Gawo loyamba ndi okosijeni wa carbon ndi hydrogen mu zinthu zamoyo kuti apange carbon dioxide ndi madzi. Gawoli limatchedwa carbonization stage. Zimatenga pafupifupi masiku 20 kuti mutsirize gawo la carbonization pa madigiri 20 Celsius. Mu gawo lachiwiri, zinthu zokhala ndi nayitrogeni ndi gawo lina la nayitrogeni zimasinthidwa kukhala nitrite ndi nitrate, zomwe zimatchedwa siteji ya nitrification. Zimatenga pafupifupi masiku 100 kuti amalize gawo la nitrification pa madigiri 20 Celsius. Choncho, poyeza BOD5 ya zitsanzo za madzi, nitrification nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa kapena sizichitika konse. Komabe, madzi osefukira ochokera m'thanki yopangira mankhwala amakhala ndi mabakiteriya ambiri opatsa nitrifying. Chifukwa chake, poyeza BOD5, kufunikira kwa okosijeni kwazinthu zina zokhala ndi nayitrogeni kumaphatikizidwanso. Pazitsanzo zamadzi zotere, ma nitrification inhibitors amatha kuwonjezeredwa kuti aletse njira ya nitrification. Pachifukwa ichi, 1 ml ya propylene thiourea yokhala ndi 500 mg/L kapena kuchuluka kwa 2-chlorozone-6-trichloromethyldine yokhazikika pa sodium chloride ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa pa lita imodzi yamadzi osungunuka kuti apange TCMP chitsanzo chochepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 0.5 mg/L. .
(2) Zovala zagalasi ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino. Choyamba zilowerereni ndi kuyeretsa ndi zotsukira, ndiye zilowerereni ndi dilute hydrochloric acid, ndipo potsiriza kusamba ndi madzi apampopi ndi distilled madzi. .
(3) Kuti muwone ngati madzi osungunuka ndi madzi osungunuka akuyenda bwino, komanso momwe katswiri wa labotale amagwirira ntchito, tsitsani 20ml ya glucose-glutamic acid standard solution ndi inoculation dilution madzi mpaka 1000ml, ndikutsatira njira zoyezera. BOD5. Mtengo wa BOD5 woyezedwa uyenera kukhala pakati pa 180-230mg/L. Kupanda kutero, fufuzani ngati pali vuto lililonse ndi mtundu wa yankho la inoculum, madzi osungunuka kapena njira zogwirira ntchito. .
(4) Pamene gawo la dilution la madzi likupitirira nthawi za 100, liyenera kuchepetsedwa poyamba ndi madzi mu botolo la volumetric, ndiyeno ndalama zoyenerera ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zikhale ndi chikhalidwe chomaliza cha dilution. .
3. Kutsimikiza kwa zolimba zoyimitsidwa (SS)
Zolimba zoyimitsidwa zimayimira kuchuluka kwa chinthu cholimba chosasungunuka m'madzi. .
1. Mfundo ya njira
Mzere woyezera umapangidwira, ndipo kuyamwa kwachitsanzo pamtunda wina kumasinthidwa kukhala mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa parameter kuti iyesedwe, ndipo ikuwonetsedwa pazithunzi za LCD. .
2. Njira zoyezera
(1) Gwiritsirani ntchito madzi olowa ndi madzi otuluka ndi madzi otulutsiramo mofanana. .
(2) Tengani chubu cha colorimetric 1 ndikuwonjezera 25 mL ya madzi omwe akubwera, kenaka yikani madzi osungunuka ku chizindikiro (chifukwa madzi omwe akubwera SS ndi aakulu, ngati sakuchepetsedwa, akhoza kupitirira malire a malire oyesedwa olimba) , kupangitsa zotsatira kukhala zosalondola. Zoonadi, kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo za madzi omwe akubwera sikukhazikika. Ngati madzi omwe akubwerawo ndi akuda kwambiri, tengani 10mL ndikuwonjezera madzi osungunuka pamlingo). .
(3) Yatsani choyesa cholimba choyimitsidwa, onjezerani madzi osungunuka ku 2/3 ya bokosi laling'ono lofanana ndi cuvette, zimitsani khoma lakunja, dinani batani losankhira pamene mukugwedeza, kenaka muyikemo choyesa choyimitsidwa, ndiyeno dinani batani lowerenga. Ngati si ziro, dinani batani lomveka bwino kuti muchotse chidacho (ingoyesani kamodzi). .
(4) Yezerani madzi omwe akubwera SS: Thirani madzi omwe akubwera mu chubu la colorimetric mubokosi laling'ono ndikutsuka katatu, kenaka yikani chitsanzo cha madzi omwe akubwera ku 2/3, yikani khoma lakunja, ndikusindikiza batani losankha pamene. kugwedeza. Kenako ikani mwachangu muzoyesa zolimba zoyimitsidwa, kenako dinani batani lowerenga, yesani katatu, ndikuwerengera mtengo wapakati. .
(5) Yezerani madzi SS: Gwirani madziwo mofanana ndikutsuka kabokosi kakang'ono katatu…(Njira ndi yofanana ndi yomwe ili pamwambapa)
3. Kuwerengera
Zotsatira za SS yolowera madzi ndi: dilution ratio * kuyeza kuwerengera kwa madzi olowera. Chotsatira cha madzi otulutsira SS ndikuwerengera kwachida kwachitsanzo chamadzi choyezedwa.
4. Kutsimikiza kwa phosphorous (TP)
1. Mfundo ya njira
Pansi acidic mikhalidwe, orthophosphate amachitira ndi ammonium molybdate ndi potaziyamu antimonyl tartrate kupanga phosphomolybdenum heteropoly asidi, amene yafupika ndi kuchepetsa wothandizila ascorbic asidi ndi kukhala buluu zovuta, kawirikawiri Integrated ndi phosphomolybdenum buluu. .
Zochepa zodziwika bwino za njirayi ndi 0.01mg/L (kusakanikirana kofanana ndi kuyamwa A=0.01); malire apamwamba ndi 0.6mg/L. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika kwa orthophosphate m'madzi apansi, zimbudzi zapakhomo ndi madzi otayira m'mafakitale ochokera kumankhwala atsiku ndi tsiku, feteleza wa mankwala, mankhwala opangidwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo, phosphating, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chitsulo, coking ndi mafakitale ena. .
2. Zida
Spectrophotometer
3. Reagents
(1) 1 + 1 sulfuric acid. .
(2) 10% (m/V) ascorbic acid solution: Sungunulani 10g ascorbic acid m'madzi ndikuchepetsa mpaka 100ml. Njira yothetsera vutoli imasungidwa mu botolo la galasi la bulauni ndipo imakhala yokhazikika kwa milungu ingapo pamalo ozizira. Ngati mtundu ukusanduka wachikasu, taya ndi remix. .
(3) Molybdate solution: Sungunulani 13g ya ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O24˙4H2O] mu 100ml ya madzi. Sungunulani 0.35g potassium antimonyl tartrate [K(SbO)C4H4O6˙1/2H2O] m'madzi 100ml. Posonkhezera mosalekeza, onjezerani pang'onopang'ono yankho la ammonium molybdate ku 300ml (1+1) sulfuric acid, onjezerani potaziyamu antimoni tartrate yankho ndikusakaniza mofanana. Sungani ma reagents m'mabotolo agalasi ofiirira pamalo ozizira. Kukhazikika kwa miyezi iwiri. .
(4) Njira yolipirira mtundu wa Turbidity: Sakanizani magawo awiri a (1+1) sulfuric acid ndi voliyumu imodzi ya 10% (m/V) ascorbic acid solution. Njirayi imakonzedwa tsiku lomwelo. .
(5) Phosphate stock solution: Dry potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) pa 110°C kwa 2 hours ndi kuziziritsa mu desiccator. Yesani 0.217g, sungunulani m'madzi, ndikusamutsira ku botolo la volumetric 1000ml. Onjezani 5ml ya (1+1) sulfuric acid ndi kusungunula ndi madzi ku chizindikirocho. Njirayi ili ndi phosphorous 50.0ug pa mililita. .
(6) Phosphate standard solution: Tengani 10.00ml ya phosphate stock solution mu botolo la volumetric 250ml, ndi kusungunula chizindikirocho ndi madzi. Njirayi ili ndi phosphorous 2.00ug pa mililita. Zakonzedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo. .
4. Njira zoyezera (kungotenga zitsanzo za madzi olowera ndi potuluka ngati chitsanzo)
(1) Gwirani chitsanzo cha madzi olowa ndi madzi otulutsiramo bwino (chitsanzo chamadzi chotengedwa mu dziwe la biochemical chiyenera kugwedezeka bwino ndikusiyidwa kwakanthawi kuti mutenge wamphamvu). .
(2) Tengani machubu atatu oyimitsa, onjezani madzi osungunuka ku chubu choyamba choyimitsidwa kupita kumtunda wapamwamba; onjezerani 5mL ya madzi ku chubu chachiwiri choyimitsidwa, ndikuwonjezera madzi osungunuka pamzere wapamwamba; wachitatu woyimitsa sikelo chubu Brace pulagi graduated chubu
Zilowerereni mu hydrochloric acid kwa maola awiri, kapena sukani ndi zotsukira zopanda phosphate. .
(3) The cuvette ayenera ankawaviika mu kuchepetsedwa nitric asidi kapena chromic asidi kutsuka njira kwa mphindi pambuyo ntchito kuchotsa adsorbed molybdenum blue colorant. .
5. Kutsimikiza kwa nayitrogeni yonse (TN)
1. Mfundo ya njira
Mu njira yamadzi yopitilira 60 ° C, potaziyamu sulfate amawola motsatira njira zotsatirazi kuti apange ayoni wa haidrojeni ndi okosijeni. K2S2O8+H2O→2KHSO4+1/2O2KHSO4→K++HSO4_HSO4→H++SO42-
Onjezani sodium hydroxide kuti muchepetse ma ayoni a haidrojeni ndikumaliza kuwonongeka kwa potaziyamu sulfate. Pansi pa zamchere sing'anga chikhalidwe cha 120 ℃-124 ℃, pogwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu sulfate monga okosijeni, osati ammonia nayitrogeni ndi nitrite nayitrogeni mu zitsanzo madzi kukhala oxidized mu nitrate, komanso ambiri organic nayitrogeni mankhwala mu chitsanzo madzi akhoza. kukhala oxidized kukhala nitrates. Kenako gwiritsani ntchito ultraviolet spectrophotometry kuyeza kuyamwa kwa mafunde a 220nm ndi 275nm motsatana, ndikuwerengera kuyamwa kwa nayitrogeni wa nitrate motsatira njira iyi: A=A220-2A275 kuti muwerengere kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni. Mayamwidwe ake a molar ndi 1.47 × 103
2. Kusokoneza ndi kuthetsa
(1) Pamene zitsanzo zamadzi zimakhala ndi ma chromium ions ndi ma ferric ions, 1-2 ml ya 5% yankho la hydroxylamine hydrochloride akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuti athetse chikoka chawo pa muyeso. .
(2) Iodide ions ndi bromide ions amasokoneza kutsimikiza. Palibe zosokoneza pamene ayoni a iodide ali ndi 0.2 nthawi zonse za nayitrogeni. Palibe zosokoneza pamene ayoni wa bromide ali ndi nthawi 3.4 kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni. .
(3) Mphamvu ya carbonate ndi bicarbonate pakutsimikiza imatha kuthetsedwa powonjezera kuchuluka kwa hydrochloric acid. .
(4) Sulfate ndi kloridi alibe mphamvu pa kutsimikiza. .
3. Kuchuluka kwa njira yogwiritsira ntchito
Njirayi ndiyoyenera kwambiri kudziwa kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'nyanja, m'madamu, ndi mitsinje. Malire otsika odziwika a njirayo ndi 0.05 mg / L; malire apamwamba ndi 4 mg/L. .
4. Zida
(1) UV spectrophotometer. .
(2) Kuphatikizira chowumitsa nthunzi kapena chophikira chapanyumba. .
(3) Chubu chagalasi chokhala ndi choyimitsa ndi pakamwa. .
5. Reagents
(1) Madzi opanda ammonia, onjezerani 0.1ml concentrated sulfuric acid pa lita imodzi ya madzi ndi distill. Sonkhanitsani zonyansazo mu chidebe chagalasi. .
(2) 20% (m/V) sodium hydroxide: Wezani 20g ya sodium hydroxide, sungunulani m'madzi opanda ammonia, ndi kuchepetsa mpaka 100ml. .
(3) Alkaline potassium persulfate solution: Yezani 40g potassium persulfate ndi 15g sodium hydroxide, zisungunuke m'madzi opanda ammonia, ndi kuchepetsa mpaka 1000ml. Njira yothetsera vutoli imasungidwa mu botolo la polyethylene ndipo ikhoza kusungidwa kwa sabata imodzi. .
(4) 1 + 9 hydrochloric acid. .
(5) Mulingo wa potaziyamu nitrate: a. Njira yothetsera katundu wokhazikika: Yesani 0.7218g ya potaziyamu nitrate yomwe yawumitsidwa pa 105-110 ° C kwa maola 4, sungunulani m'madzi opanda ammonia, ndikusamutsira ku 1000ml volumetric flask kuti mugwirizane ndi voliyumu. Njirayi ili ndi 100 mg wa nayitrogeni wa nitrate pa ml. Onjezani 2ml chloroform ngati choteteza ndipo izikhala yokhazikika kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. b. Potaziyamu nitrate muyezo yothetsera: Sungunulani masheya yankho kakhumi ndi madzi opanda ammonia. Njirayi ili ndi 10 mg wa nayitrogeni wa nitrate pa ml. .
6. Njira zoyezera
(1) Gwiritsirani ntchito madzi olowa ndi madzi otuluka ndi madzi otulutsiramo mofanana. .
(2) Tengani machubu atatu a 25mL colorimetric (zindikirani kuti si machubu akulu akulu). Onjezani madzi osungunuka ku chubu choyamba cha colorimetric ndikuwonjezera pamzere wapansi; onjezerani 1mL ya chitsanzo cha madzi olowetsa ku chubu chachiwiri cha colorimetric, kenaka yikani madzi osungunuka pamzere wapansi; onjezerani 2mL ya madzi otuluka ku chubu chachitatu cha colorimetric, ndikuwonjezera madzi osungunuka. Onjezani ku kachidindo kakang'ono. .
(3) Onjezani 5 ml ya potaziyamu persulfate kumachubu atatu a colorimetric motsatana.
(4) Ikani machubu atatu a colorimetric mu beaker ya pulasitiki, ndiyeno mutenthetse mu chophikira chokakamiza. Kuchita chimbudzi. .
(5) Mukatentha, chotsani chopyapyala ndikulola kuti chizizire mwachibadwa. .
(6) Mukaziziritsa, onjezerani 1 mL ya 1+9 hydrochloric acid pamtundu uliwonse wa machubu atatu a colorimetric. .
(7) Onjezani madzi osungunuka pamtundu uliwonse wa machubu atatu a colorimetric mpaka pamwamba ndikugwedezani bwino. .
(8) Gwiritsani ntchito mafunde awiri ndi kuyeza ndi spectrophotometer. Choyamba, gwiritsani ntchito 10mm quartz cuvette yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 275nm (yachikale pang'ono) kuti muyese madzi opanda kanthu, madzi olowera, ndi madzi otulutsira madzi ndikuwerengera; kenako gwiritsani ntchito cuvette ya quartz ya 10mm yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 220nm (yachikale pang'ono) kuti muyeze zitsanzo za madzi opanda kanthu, zolowera, ndi zotuluka. Tengani ndi kutulutsa zitsanzo za madzi ndikuziwerengera. .
(9) Zotsatira zowerengera. .
6. Kutsimikiza kwa ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N)
1. Mfundo ya njira
Mankhwala a alkaline a mercury ndi potaziyamu amakhudzidwa ndi ammonia kuti apange colloidal wonyezimira wofiirira. Mtunduwu umayamwa mwamphamvu pamafunde ambiri. Nthawi zambiri kutalika kwa mafunde omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera kumakhala pakati pa 410-425nm. .
2. Kusungidwa kwa zitsanzo za madzi
Zitsanzo za madzi zimasonkhanitsidwa m'mabotolo a polyethylene kapena mabotolo agalasi ndipo ziyenera kufufuzidwa mwamsanga. Ngati ndi kotheka, onjezerani sulfuric acid ku zitsanzo za madzi kuti acidity ikhale pH<2, ndipo sungani pa 2-5°C. Zitsanzo za acidic ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zipewe kuyamwa kwa ammonia mumlengalenga ndi kuipitsidwa. .
3. Kusokoneza ndi kuthetsa
Mankhwala achilengedwe monga aliphatic amines, amines onunkhira, aldehydes, acetone, alcohols ndi organic nitrogen amines, komanso ayoni osakhazikika monga chitsulo, manganese, magnesium ndi sulfure, amayambitsa kusokoneza chifukwa chopanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena turbidity. Mtundu ndi turbidity wa madzi zimakhudzanso Colorimetric. Pachifukwa ichi, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration kapena distillation pretreatment imafunika. Zinthu zochepetsera zosasunthika zimathanso kutenthedwa pansi pa acidic kuti zichotse kusokonezedwa ndi ayoni achitsulo, komanso kuchuluka koyenera kwa masking agent amathanso kuwonjezeredwa kuti athetse. .
4. Kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka njirayo
Njira yotsika kwambiri yodziwika bwino ya njirayi ndi 0.025 mg / l (njira ya photoometric), ndipo malire apamwamba ndi 2 mg / l. Pogwiritsa ntchito colorimetry yowoneka, ndende yotsika kwambiri ndi 0.02 mg/l. Pambuyo pokonzekera koyenera kwa zitsanzo za madzi, njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamwamba pa madzi, madzi apansi, madzi onyansa a mafakitale ndi zimbudzi zapakhomo. .
5. Zida
(1) Spectrophotometer. .
(2) PH mita
6. Ma reagents
Madzi onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ma reagents ayenera kukhala opanda ammonia. .
(1) Regent ya Nessler
Mukhoza kusankha imodzi mwa njira zotsatirazi zokonzekera:
1. Yezerani 20g ya ayodini wa potaziyamu ndikuwasungunula pafupifupi 25ml ya madzi. Onjezani mercury dichloride (HgCl2) ufa wa crystal (pafupifupi 10g) mu magawo ang'onoang'ono pamene mukuyambitsa. Pamene vermilion precipitate ikuwonekera ndipo imakhala yovuta kusungunuka, ndi nthawi yoti muwonjezere saturated dioxide dropwise. Mercury njira ndi kusonkhezera bwinobwino. Pamene vermilion precipitate ikuwonekera ndipo sikusungunukanso, siyani kuwonjezera mercuric chloride solution. .
Yezeraninso 60g ya potaziyamu hydroxide ndikusungunula m'madzi, ndikuyitsitsa mpaka 250ml. Mukaziziritsa mpaka kutentha, tsanulirani pang'onopang'ono yankho pamwambapa mu njira ya potaziyamu hydroxide mukuyambitsa, tsitsani ndi madzi mpaka 400ml, ndikusakaniza bwino. Lolani kuyimirira usiku wonse, tumizani chowonjezeracho ku botolo la polyethylene, ndikulisunga ndi choyimitsa cholimba. .
2. Yezerani 16g ya sodium hydroxide, sungunulani mu 50ml ya madzi, ndi ozizira mokwanira kutentha kwa chipinda. .
Yezeraninso 7g ya potaziyamu iodide ndi 10g ya mercury iodide (HgI2) ndikusungunula m'madzi. Kenako lowetsani njira iyi pang'onopang'ono mu sodium hydroxide solution ndikuyambitsanso, tsitsani ndi madzi mpaka 100ml, sungani mu botolo la polyethylene, ndikutseka mwamphamvu. .
(2) Potaziyamu sodium acid solution
Kulemera 50g wa potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) ndi kupasuka mu 100ml madzi, kutentha ndi chithupsa kuchotsa ammonia, ozizira ndi kupasuka kwa 100ml. .
(3) Ammonium standard stock solution
Yezerani 3.819g ya ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) yomwe yawumitsidwa pa madigiri 100 Celsius, isungunuleni m'madzi, isamutseni ku botolo la volumetric 1000ml, ndi kuchepetsa mpaka chizindikirocho. Njirayi ili ndi 1.00mg ammonia nitrogen pa ml. .
(4) Ammonium standard solution
Pipette 5.00ml wa amine wokhazikika wa stock solution mu botolo la volumetric 500ml ndi kusungunula ndi madzi mpaka chizindikirocho. Njirayi ili ndi 0.010mg ammonia nitrogen pa ml. .
7. Kuwerengera
Pezani ammonia nayitrogeni (mg) kuchokera pa curve ya calibration
Ammonia nayitrogeni (N, mg/l)=m/v*1000
Mu chilinganizo, m - kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni wopezeka kuchokera ku calibration (mg), V - kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zamadzi (ml). .
8. Zinthu zofunika kuzindikila
(1) Chiŵerengero cha sodium iodide ndi potaziyamu iodide chimakhudza kwambiri kukhudzidwa kwa mtundu. Mpweya wopangidwa pambuyo popuma uyenera kuchotsedwa. .
(2) Pepala losefera nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mchere wambiri wa ammonium, choncho onetsetsani kuti mukutsuka ndi madzi opanda ammonia mukamagwiritsa ntchito. Magalasi onse ayenera kutetezedwa ku kuipitsidwa kwa ammonia mu mpweya wa labotale. .
9. Njira zoyezera
(1) Gwiritsirani ntchito madzi olowa ndi madzi otuluka ndi madzi otulutsiramo mofanana. .
(2) Thirani chitsanzo cha madzi olowera ndi madzi otulutsira madzi mu 100mL ma beak motsatana. .
(3) Onjezani 1 mL wa 10% zinc sulfate ndi madontho 5 a sodium hydroxide mu ma beak awiri motsatana, ndi kusonkhezera ndi ndodo ziwiri zamagalasi. .
(4) Siyani kwa mphindi zitatu kenako yambani kusefa. .
(5) Thirani chitsanzo cha madzi oyimilira muzitsulo zosefera. Mukasefa, tsanulirani sefa mu beaker yapansi. Kenako gwiritsani ntchito mbiyayi kuti mutenge madzi otsala mumphaniyo. Mpaka kusefera kutsirizika, tsanulirani kusefa mu beaker yapansi kachiwiri. Thirani mbali zosefera. (Mwa kuyankhula kwina, gwiritsani ntchito kusefa kuchokera ku fanjelo limodzi kutsuka beaker kawiri)
(6) Sefa zitsanzo za madzi otsala mu beakers motsatana. .
(7) Tengani machubu atatu a colorimetric. Onjezani madzi osungunuka ku chubu choyamba cha colorimetric ndikuwonjezera pamlingo; onjezani 3-5mL wa zosefera zolowera madzi ku chubu chachiwiri cha colorimetric, ndikuwonjezera madzi osungunuka pamlingo; onjezani 2mL ya sefa yamadzi yotuluka ku chubu chachitatu cha colorimetric. Kenaka yikani madzi osungunuka ku chizindikiro. (Kuchuluka kwa kusefera kwa madzi omwe akubwera ndi otuluka sikunakhazikitsidwe)
(8) Onjezani 1 mL potassium sodium tartrate ndi 1.5 mL Nessler reagent kumachubu atatu a colorimetric motsatana. .
(9) Gwirani bwino ndi nthawi kwa mphindi 10. Gwiritsani ntchito spectrophotometer kuyeza, pogwiritsa ntchito kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a 420nm ndi 20mm cuvette. Werengetsani. .
(10) Zotsatira zowerengera. .
7. Kutsimikiza kwa nayitrogeni wa nitrate (NO3-N)
1. Mfundo ya njira
Mu zitsanzo za madzi mu sing'anga ya alkaline, nitrate ikhoza kuchepetsedwa mochulukira kukhala ammonia ndi chochepetsera (Daisler alloy) potentha. Pambuyo pa distillation, imalowetsedwa mu njira ya boric acid ndikuyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Nessler's reagent photometry kapena acid titration. . .
2. Kusokoneza ndi kuthetsa
Pazifukwa izi, nitrite imachepetsedwanso kukhala ammonia ndipo iyenera kuchotsedwa pasadakhale. Ammonia ndi ammonia mchere mu zitsanzo za madzi angathenso kuchotsedwa ndi pre-distillation musanawonjezere Daisch alloy. .
Njira imeneyi makamaka yabwino kwa mtima wa nitrate asafe mu kwambiri zoipitsidwa madzi zitsanzo. Nthawi yomweyo, itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kudziwa nitrite nayitrogeni mu zitsanzo za madzi (chitsanzo chamadzi chimatsimikiziridwa ndi alkaline chisanadze distillation kuchotsa ammonia ndi ammonium salt, ndiyeno nitrite The kuchuluka kwa mchere, opanda kuchuluka wa nitrate woyezedwa mosiyana, ndi kuchuluka kwa nitrite). .
3. Zida
Chipangizo chopangira nayitrojeni chopangira distillation chokhala ndi mipira ya nayitrogeni. .
4. Ma reagents
(1) Sulfamic acid solution: Yezani 1g ya sulfamic acid (HOSO2NH2), musungunule m'madzi, ndi kuchepetsa mpaka 100ml. .
(2) 1 + 1 hydrochloric acid
(3) Sodium hydroxide solution: Yezani 300g ya sodium hydroxide, isungunule m'madzi, ndi kuchepetsa mpaka 1000ml. .
(4) Daisch alloy (Cu50: Zn5: Al45) ufa. .
(5) Boric acid solution: Wezani 20g wa boric acid (H3BO3), musungunule m'madzi, ndi kuchepetsa mpaka 1000ml. .
5. Njira zoyezera
(1) Gwirani zitsanzo zomwe zatengedwa kuchokera pa mfundo 3 ndi reflux point ndikuziyika kuti zimveke kwa nthawi. .
(2) Tengani machubu atatu a colorimetric. Onjezani madzi osungunuka ku chubu choyamba cha colorimetric ndikuwonjezera pamlingo; onjezerani 3mL wa No. 3 spotting supernatant ku chubu chachiwiri cha colorimetric, kenaka yikani madzi osungunuka pamlingo; onjezerani 5mL wa reflux spotting supernatant ku chubu chachitatu cha colorimetric, kenaka yikani madzi osungunuka pa chizindikirocho. .
(3) Tengani mbale zitatu zotuluka nthunzi ndikuthira madziwo m’machubu atatu amitundu yosiyanasiyana m’mbale zimene zimatulutsa nthunzi. .
(4) Onjezani 0.1 mol / L sodium hydroxide ku mbale zitatu zomwe zimatuluka nthunzi motsatana kuti musinthe pH mpaka 8. (Gwiritsirani ntchito pepala loyesa pH molondola, kusiyana kuli pakati pa 5.5-9.0. Iliyonse imafuna pafupifupi madontho 20 a sodium hydroxide)
(5) Yatsani osamba m'madzi, ikani mbale yamadzi pamadzi osamba, ndipo ikani kutentha kwa 90 ° C mpaka kuuma. (zimatenga pafupifupi 2 hours)
(6) Mukasintha nthunzi mpaka kuuma, chotsani mbaleyo ndikuziziritsa. .
(7) Pambuyo kuzirala, kuwonjezera 1 mL wa phenol disulfonic asidi atatu evaporating mbale motero, pogaya ndi galasi ndodo kuti reagent bwinobwino kukhudzana ndi zotsalira mu evaporating mbale, mulole izo kuima kwa kanthawi, ndiyeno akupera kachiwiri. Mukasiya kwa mphindi 10, onjezerani pafupifupi 10 ml ya madzi osungunuka motsatana. .
(8) Onjezani 3-4mL madzi ammonia ku mbale zomwe zimatulutsa nthunzi pamene mukuyambitsa, ndiyeno muzisunthira ku machubu a colorimetric ofanana. Onjezerani madzi osungunuka ku chizindikiro motsatira. .
(9) Gwirani mofanana ndi kuyeza ndi spectrophotometer, pogwiritsa ntchito cuvette ya 10mm (galasi wamba, yatsopano pang'ono) yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 410nm. Ndipo sungani kuwerenga. .
(10) Zotsatira zowerengera. .
8. Kutsimikiza kwa mpweya wosungunuka (DO)
Mpweya wa okosijeni wosungunuka m'madzi umatchedwa mpweya wosungunuka. Mpweya wa okosijeni womwe wasungunuka m'madzi achilengedwe umadalira kuchuluka kwa okosijeni m'madzi ndi mumlengalenga. .
Nthawi zambiri, njira ya ayodini imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza mpweya wosungunuka.
1. Mfundo ya njira
Manganese sulfate ndi alkaline potaziyamu iodide amawonjezeredwa ku zitsanzo zamadzi. Mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi umatsitsimutsa manganese otsika kwambiri kukhala manganese apamwamba kwambiri, kutulutsa mpweya wofiirira wa tetravalent manganese hydroxide. Pambuyo powonjezera asidi, hydroxide precipitate imasungunuka ndikuchita ndi ayodini a iodide kuti amasule. Iodine yaulere. Pogwiritsa ntchito wowuma ngati chizindikiro ndikuwongolera ayodini wotulutsidwa ndi sodium thiosulfate, mpweya wosungunuka ukhoza kuwerengedwa. .
2. Njira zoyezera
(1) Tengani chitsanzo pa mfundo 9 mu botolo la kukamwa kwakukulu ndikusiya kuti likhale kwa mphindi khumi. (Chonde dziwani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito botolo lapakamwa mozama ndipo samalani ndi njira yotsatsira)
(2) Lowetsani chigongono chagalasi mu chitsanzo cha botolo lapakamwa, gwiritsani ntchito njira ya siphon kuyamwa mphamvu mu botolo la okosijeni wosungunuka, choyamba muyamwire pang'ono, nadzatsuka botolo la okosijeni losungunuka katatu, ndipo pamapeto pake muyamwire mu supernatant. mudzaze ndi mpweya wosungunuka. botolo. .
(3) Onjezani 1mL manganese sulfate ndi 2mL alkaline potaziyamu iodide ku botolo la okosijeni lomwe lasungunuka. (Samalirani zodzitetezera powonjezera, onjezani kuyambira pakati)
(4) Valani botolo la okosijeni lomwe lasungunuka, ligwedezeni mmwamba ndi pansi, ligwedezeninso mphindi zingapo zilizonse, ndikugwedezani katatu. .
(5) Onjezani 2mL wa sulfuric acid wokhazikika ku botolo la okosijeni lomwe lasungunuka ndikugwedezani bwino. Lolani kuti likhale pamalo amdima kwa mphindi zisanu. .
(6) Thirani sodium thiosulfate mu freet ya alkaline (yokhala ndi chubu la rabara ndi mikanda yagalasi. Samalani kusiyana pakati pa asidi ndi alkaline burettes) pamzere wa sikelo ndikukonzekera titration. .
(7) Mukachisiya kuti chiyime kwa mphindi zisanu, chotsani botolo la okosijeni lomwe lasungunuka loyikidwa mumdima, tsanulirani madzi mu botolo la okosijeni lomwe lasungunuka mu silinda yoyezera pulasitiki ya 100mL, ndikutsuka katatu. Pomaliza, tsanulirani ku chizindikiro cha 100mL cha silinda yoyezera. .
(8) Thirani madzi mu silinda yoyezera mu botolo la Erlenmeyer. .
(9) Titrate ndi sodium thiosulfate mu botolo la Erlenmeyer mpaka likhale lopanda mtundu, kenaka yikani dontho la chizindikiro cha wowuma, kenaka tsitsani ndi sodium thiosulfate mpaka itazimiririka, ndi kulemba kuwerenga. .
(10) Zotsatira zowerengera. .
mpweya wosungunuka (mg/L)=M*V*8*1000/100
M ndi kuchuluka kwa sodium thiosulfate solution (mol/L)
V ndi kuchuluka kwa sodium thiosulfate solution yomwe imadyedwa panthawi ya titration (mL)
9. Kuchuluka kwa alkalinity
1. Njira zoyezera
(1) Gwiritsirani ntchito madzi olowa ndi madzi otuluka ndi madzi otulutsiramo mofanana. .
(2) Sefa zitsanzo za madzi omwe akubwera (ngati madzi omwe akubwera ali oyera, osafunikira kusefera), gwiritsani ntchito silinda ya 100 mL kuti mutenge 100 mL ya filtrate mu botolo la 500 mL Erlenmeyer. Gwiritsani ntchito silinda yomaliza ya 100mL kuti mutenge 100mL yachitsanzo chogwedezeka mu botolo lina la 500mL Erlenmeyer. .
(3) Onjezani madontho atatu a methyl red-methylene blue indicator ku ma flasks awiri a Erlenmeyer motsatana, omwe amasanduka obiriwira. .
(4) Thirani 0.01mol / L hydrogen ion muyezo yothetsera mu freet zamchere (ndi mphira chubu ndi galasi mikanda, 50mL. The zamchere burette ntchito kusungunuka mpweya muyeso ndi 25mL, tcherani khutu kusiyana) kwa chizindikiro. Waya. .
(5) Thirani njira ya hydrogen ion muzobowola ziwiri za Erlenmeyer kuti muwonetse mtundu wa lavenda, ndi kulemba mawerengedwe a voliyumu omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito. (Kumbukirani kuti muwerenge mutatha kutsitsa imodzi ndikudzaza kuti ifanane ndi ina. Madzi olowera amafunikira pafupifupi mamililita makumi anayi, ndipo madzi otuluka amafunikira mamililita khumi)
(6) Zotsatira zowerengera. Kuchuluka kwa hydrogen ion standard solution *5 ndiye voliyumu. .
10. Kutsimikiza kwa chiŵerengero cha matope (SV30)
1. Njira zoyezera
(1) Tengani silinda yoyezera 100mL. .
(2) Gwirani chitsanzo chomwe mwabweza pa nsonga 9 ya ngalande ya oxidation ndikutsanulira mu silinda yoyezera mpaka pamwamba. .
(3) Mphindi 30 mutayamba nthawi, werengani kuwerenga kwa sikelo pa mawonekedwe ndikujambula. .
11. Kutsimikiza kwa sludge volume index (SVI)
SVI imayesedwa pogawa chiŵerengero cha sludge settling ratio (SV30) ndi sludge concentration (MLSS). Koma samalani potembenuza mayunitsi. Gawo la SVI ndi mL/g. .
12. Kutsimikiza kwa sludge concentration (MLSS)
1. Njira zoyezera
(1) Gwirani chitsanzo chotengedwa pa mfundo 9 ndi chitsanzo pa reflux point mofanana. .
(2) Tengani 100mL iliyonse ya chitsanzo pa mfundo 9 ndi chitsanzo pa reflux point mu silinda yoyezera. (Chitsanzo pa nsonga 9 chikhoza kupezeka poyesa chiŵerengero cha matope a matope)
(3) Gwiritsani ntchito pampu ya rotary vane vacuum kuti musefe chitsanzo pa mfundo 9 ndi chitsanzo pa reflux point mu silinda yoyezera motsatana. (Samalirani kusankha kwa pepala losefera. Pepala losefa lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi pepala losefera lomwe linayezedwa kale. Ngati MLVSS ikuyenera kuyezedwa pa chitsanzo pa mfundo 9 tsiku lomwelo, pepala losefa liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusefa chitsanzocho. pa nsonga 9. Komabe, pepala losefera labwino liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezerapo, tcherani khutu ku pepala losefa ndi losiyana.
(4) Chotsani chitsanzo chamatope cha pepala losefedwa ndikuchiyika mu uvuni wowumitsa wamagetsi. Kutentha kwa ng'anjo yowumitsa kumakwera kufika 105 ° C ndikuyamba kuyanika kwa maola awiri. .
(5) Chotsani matope a pepala la sefa yowuma ndikuyiyika mugalasi lagalasi kuti lizizire kwa theka la ola. .
(6) Mukaziziritsa, yesani ndi kuwerengera pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolondola yamagetsi. .
(7) Zotsatira zowerengera. Kuchuluka kwa Sludge (mg/L) = (kuwerengera bwino - kulemera kwa pepala losefera) * 10000
13. Kudziwitsa za volatile organic substances (MLVSS)
1. Njira zoyezera
(1) Pambuyo kuyeza matope pepala fyuluta chitsanzo pa mfundo 9 ndi mwatsatanetsatane pakompyuta bwino bwino, ikani fyuluta pepala matope chitsanzo mu yaing'ono porcelain crucible. .
(2) Yatsani ng'anjo yolimbana ndi bokosi, sinthani kutentha kukhala 620 ° C, ndikuyika ng'anjo yaing'ono ya porcelain mu ng'anjo yolimbana ndi bokosi kwa pafupifupi maola awiri. .
(3) Pambuyo pa maola awiri, tsekani ng'anjo yamoto yamtundu wa bokosi. Pambuyo kuzirala kwa maola atatu, tsegulani chitseko cha ng'anjo yamtundu wa bokosi pang'ono ndikuziziritsanso kwa theka la ola kuti kutentha kwa porcelain crucible sikupitirire 100 ° C. .
(4) Chotsani chitsulo cha porcelain ndikuchiyika mu galasi la desiccator kuti chizizirenso kwa pafupifupi theka la ola, yesani pamlingo wolondola wamagetsi, ndi kulemba kuwerenga. .
(5) Zotsatira zowerengera. .
Zinthu zosasinthasintha za organic (mg/L) = (kulemera kwa matope a pepala losefera + kulemera kwa crucible yaying'ono - kuwerenga bwino) * 10000.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-19-2024
