Phosphorous yonse ndi chizindikiro chofunikira chamadzi, chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe chamadzi ndi thanzi la anthu. Phosphorous yonse ndi imodzi mwazakudya zofunika kuti zomera ndi algae zikule, koma ngati phosphorous yonse m'madzi ndi yochuluka kwambiri, idzatsogolera ku eutrophication yamadzi, kufulumizitsa kubereka kwa algae ndi mabakiteriya, kumayambitsa maluwa a algae, komanso zimakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe chamadzi. Ndipo nthawi zina, monga madzi akumwa ndi dziwe losambira, kuchuluka kwa phosphorous okwana kumatha kuwononga thanzi la anthu, makamaka kwa makanda ndi amayi apakati.
Magwero a phosphorous okwana m'madzi
(1) Kuipitsa ulimi
Kuipitsa kwaulimi kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri feteleza wamankhwala, ndipo phosphorous mu feteleza wamankhwala amalowa m'madzi kudzera m'madzi amvula kapena ulimi wothirira. Nthawi zambiri, 10% -25% yokha ya feteleza ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zomera, ndipo 75% -90% yotsalayo imasiyidwa m'nthaka. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu, 24% -71% ya phosphorous m'madzi imachokera ku feteleza waulimi, kotero kuipitsa kwa phosphorous m'madzi kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa phosphorous m'nthaka kupita kumadzi. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuchuluka kwa feteleza wa phosphate nthawi zambiri kumakhala 10% -20%. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa phosphate mopitirira muyeso sikungowononga zinthu, komanso kumapangitsa feteleza wochuluka wa phosphate kuipitsa magwero a madzi kupyolera mu madzi osefukira.
(2) zimbudzi zapakhomo
Zimbudzi zapakhomo zimaphatikizapo zimbudzi zanyumba za anthu, zimbudzi zanyumba zokhalamo, ndi zinyalala zamafakitale zotayidwa m'zimbudzi. Gwero lalikulu la phosphorous m'zinyalala zapakhomo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochapira zomwe zili ndi phosphorous, ndowe za anthu, ndi zinyalala zapakhomo. Zotsukirazo zimagwiritsa ntchito sodium phosphate ndi polysodium phosphate, ndipo phosphorous muzotsukira zimalowa m'madzi ndi zimbudzi.
(3) Madzi otayira m’mafakitale
Madzi otayira m'mafakitale ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa phosphorous yambiri m'madzi. Madzi otayira m'mafakitale ali ndi mawonekedwe a ndende yoyipa kwambiri, mitundu yambiri ya zoipitsa, zovuta kutsitsa, ndi zigawo zovuta. Ngati madzi otayira m'mafakitale atayidwa mwachindunji popanda chithandizo, amayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu pamadzi. Zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu okhalamo.
Njira Yochotsera Madzi a Phosphorus
(1) Electrolysis
Kupyolera mu mfundo ya electrolysis, zinthu zovulaza m'madzi otayidwa zimachepetsedwa ndikuchitapo kanthu kwa okosijeni pamitengo yoipa ndi yabwino, ndipo zinthu zovulaza zimasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha kuyeretsa madzi. Njira ya electrolysis ili ndi ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri, zida zosavuta, zosavuta, zosavuta kuchotsa, komanso kupanga mafakitale; sichiyenera kuwonjezera ma coagulants, oyeretsa ndi mankhwala ena, amapewa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe, ndi kuchepetsa ndalama panthawi imodzi. Dothi laling'ono lidzapangidwa. Komabe, njira ya electrolysis imayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zitsulo, mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito ndi wokwera, kukonza ndi kasamalidwe kake ndizovuta, ndipo vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri matope likufunika kufufuza kwina ndi yankho.
(2) Electrodialysis
Mu njira electrodialysis, mwa zochita za kunja magetsi munda, anions ndi cations mu amadzimadzi njira kusuntha kwa anode ndi cathode motero, kotero kuti ndende ion pakati pa elekitirodi yafupika kwambiri, ndi ndende ion ndende. pafupi ndi electrode ikuwonjezeka. Ngati nembanemba yosinthira ion ikuwonjezeredwa pakati pa elekitirodi, kupatukana ndi ndende zimatha kupezeka. cholinga cha. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa electrodialysis ndi electrolysis ndikuti ngakhale magetsi a electrodialysis ndi apamwamba, panopa si aakulu, omwe sangathe kusunga redox mosalekeza, pamene electrolysis ndi yosiyana. Ukadaulo wa Electrodialysis uli ndi zabwino zosafunikira mankhwala aliwonse, zida zosavuta ndi njira yolumikizirana, komanso ntchito yabwino. Komabe, palinso zovuta zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, zofunikira kwambiri pokonzekera madzi osaphika, komanso kusakhazikika kwa mankhwala.
(3) Njira ya Adsorption
Njira ya adsorption ndi njira yomwe zonyansa zina m'madzi zimapangidwira ndikukhazikika ndi zolimba za porous (adsorbents) kuti zichotse zowononga m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri, njira ya adsorption imagawidwa m'magawo atatu. Choyamba, adsorbent amalumikizana kwathunthu ndi madzi otayira kotero kuti zonyansazo zimadsorbed; chachiwiri, kulekanitsa adsorbent ndi madzi oipa; chachitatu, kusinthika kapena kukonzanso kwa adsorbent. Kuphatikiza pa carbon activated carbon as adsorbent, synthetic macroporous adsorption resin imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri popangira madzi. Njira ya adsorption ili ndi ubwino wa ntchito yosavuta, chithandizo chabwino chamankhwala komanso chithandizo chachangu. Komabe, mtengo wake ndi wokwera, ndipo adsorption saturation effect idzachepa. Ngati utomoni adsorption ntchito, kusanthula chofunika pambuyo machulukitsidwe adsorption, ndi kusanthula zinyalala madzi ndi zovuta kuthana nazo.
(4) Njira yosinthira ion
Njira yosinthira ion ili pansi pa kusinthana kwa ion, ma ion m'madzi amasinthidwa ndi phosphorous mu chinthu cholimba, ndipo phosphorous imachotsedwa ndi utomoni wa anion exchange, womwe umatha kuchotsa phosphorous mwachangu komanso kukhala ndi phosphorous yochotsa mwachangu. Komabe, utomoni wosinthanitsa uli ndi zovuta za poizoni wosavuta komanso zovuta kukonzanso.
(5) Njira ya Crystallization
Phosphorus kuchotsa ndi crystallization ndi kuwonjezera chinthu chofanana ndi pamwamba ndi dongosolo la insoluble mankwala kwa madzi oipa, kuwononga metastable boma ayoni mu madzi oipa, ndi precipitate makhiristo mankwala pamwamba pa crystallization wothandizira monga kristalo phata, ndiyeno kupatukana ndi kuchotsa phosphorous. Zipangizo zamchere zomwe zimakhala ndi calcium zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati crystallization agents, monga thanthwe la phosphate, fupa la mafupa, slag, ndi zina zotero, zomwe mwala wa phosphate ndi fupa la mafupa zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri. Imapulumutsa malo apansi ndipo ndiyosavuta kuwongolera, koma imakhala ndi zofunikira za pH komanso kuchuluka kwa ayoni wa calcium.
(6) Dambo lopanga
Kuchotsedwa kwa madambo a phosphorous kumaphatikiza ubwino wa kuchotsedwa kwachilengedwe kwa phosphorous, kutulutsa mankhwala a phosphorous, ndi kuchotsa phosphorous adsorption. Imachepetsa phosphorous kudzera mu kuyamwa kwachilengedwe ndi kuyamwa, komanso kutsatsa kwa gawo lapansi. Kuchotsa phosphorous makamaka kudzera mu gawo lapansi adsorption wa phosphorous.
Mwachidule, njira zomwe zili pamwambazi zimatha kuchotsa phosphorous m'madzi otayira mosavuta komanso mwachangu, koma onse ali ndi zovuta zina. Ngati imodzi mwa njirazo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito yokha, ntchito yeniyeniyo ingakumane ndi mavuto ambiri. Njira zomwe zili pamwambazi ndizoyenera kwambiri pochiza kapena kuchiza chithandizo chapamwamba cha kuchotsa phosphorous, ndikuphatikizana ndi kuchotsa kwachilengedwe kwa phosphorous kungapindule bwino.
Njira Yodziwira Phosphorus Yonse
1. Molybdenum-antimony anti-spectrophotometry: Mfundo yowunikira ndi kuzindikira molybdenum-antimony anti-spectrophotometry ndi: pansi pa mikhalidwe ya acidic, phosphorous mu zitsanzo zamadzi amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi molybdenum acid ndi antimoni potaziyamu tartrate mu mawonekedwe a ayoni kupanga asidi molybdenum. zovuta. Polyacid, ndipo chinthu ichi akhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi kuchepetsa wothandizila ascorbic asidi kupanga buluu zovuta, amene timatcha molybdenum buluu. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njirayi posanthula zitsanzo za madzi, njira zosiyanasiyana zogayitsa zimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi. Kugaya kwa potaziyamu sulfate nthawi zambiri kumangoyang'ana zitsanzo za madzi omwe ali ndi digiri yochepa ya kuipitsidwa, ndipo ngati madziwo ali oipitsidwa kwambiri, amawonekera ngati mpweya wochepa, mchere wambiri wachitsulo ndi zinthu zamoyo. Panthawi imeneyi, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito oxidizing Wamphamvu reagent chimbudzi. Pambuyo mosalekeza kuwongolera ndi ungwiro, pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kudziwa phosphorous zili mu zitsanzo madzi sangathe kufupikitsa nthawi polojekiti, komanso kukhala olondola mkulu, tilinazo zabwino ndi otsika kudziwika malire. Kuchokera kufananiza kwathunthu, iyi ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yodziwira.
2. Njira yochepetsera ferrous chloride: Sakanizani madzi ndi sulfuric acid ndi kuwatenthetsa mpaka kuwira, kenaka yikani ferrous chloride ndi sulfuric acid kuti muchepetse phosphorous yonse kukhala phosphate ion. Kenako gwiritsani ntchito ammonium molybdate potengera mtundu, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito colorimetry kapena spectrophotometry kuyeza kuyamwa kuti muwerenge kuchuluka kwa phosphorous.
3. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa digestion-spectrophotometry: Idyani chitsanzo cha madzi pa kutentha kwambiri kuti mutembenuzire phosphorous yonse kukhala ma ion phosphorous. Kenako gwiritsani ntchito njira ya acidic potassium dichromate kuti muchepetse phosphate ion ndi potassium dichromate pansi pa acidic kuti mupange Cr(III) ndi phosphate. Mtengo wa mayamwidwe wa Cr(III) udayezedwa, ndipo zomwe phosphorous zidawerengedwa ndi mapindikidwe wamba.
4. Njira ya atomiki ya fluorescence: phosphorous yonse mu zitsanzo zamadzi imasinthidwa koyamba kukhala mawonekedwe a phosphorous, kenaka amawunikidwa ndi atomic fluorescence analyzer kuti adziwe zomwe zili.
5. Chromatography ya gasi: Phosphorous yonse mu chitsanzo cha madzi imasiyanitsidwa ndikuzindikiridwa ndi chromatography ya mpweya. Chiyerekezo chamadzicho chinakonzedwa kuti chichotse ayooni a phosphate, ndiyeno acetonitrile-madzi (9: 1) osakaniza adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira za pre-column derivatization, ndipo pamapeto pake kuchuluka kwa phosphorous kunatsimikiziridwa ndi mpweya wa chromatography.
6. Isothermal turbidimetry: sinthani phosphorous yonse mu chitsanzo cha madzi kukhala ma phosphate ions, kenaka yikani buffer ndi Molybdovanadophosphoric Acid (MVPA) reagent kuti achitepo kuti apange chikaso chachikasu, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa ndi colorimeter, ndiyeno Mapiritsi a calibration anagwiritsidwa ntchito. kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa phosphorous.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-06-2023
