Kodi njira zowunikira zachilengedwe zonyansa ndi ziti?

Kodi njira zowunikira zachilengedwe zonyansa ndi ziti?
Njira yodziwira thupi: makamaka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira mawonekedwe amadzi onyansa, monga kutentha, turbidity, zolimba zoyimitsidwa, ma conductivity, etc. Njira zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira thupi zimaphatikizapo njira yeniyeni yokoka, njira ya titration ndi njira ya photometric.
Njira yodziwira mankhwala: makamaka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zowononga mankhwala m'zimbudzi, monga PH mtengo, mpweya wosungunuka, kufunikira kwa okosijeni wamankhwala, kufunikira kwa okosijeni wachilengedwe, ammonia nayitrogeni, phosphorous yonse, zitsulo zolemera, ndi zina zambiri. Atomic mayamwidwe spectrometry, ion chromatography ndi zina zotero.
Njira yodziwira zamoyo: makamaka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zowononga zamoyo m'chimbudzi, monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, algae, ndi zina zotero. Njira zodziwira zamoyo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo njira yodziwira ma microscope, njira yowerengera chikhalidwe, njira yowerengera ma microplate ndi zina zotero.
Njira yodziwira poizoni: makamaka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuwunika kwapoizoni wa zoipitsa m'zimbudzi pazamoyo, monga poyizoni wapoizoni, poyizoni wanthawi zonse, ndi zina. Njira zoyezetsa kawopsedwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo njira yoyezetsa kawopsedwe kachilengedwe, njira yoyesera kawopsedwe wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zina zotero.
Njira yowunikira mozama: kudzera pakuwunika kwathunthu kwazizindikiro zosiyanasiyana m'chimbudzi, pendani chilengedwe chonse cha zonyansa. Njira zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi monga njira yowonetsera kuipitsidwa, njira yowunikira mozama, njira yayikulu yowunikira ndi zina zotero.
Pali njira zambiri zodziwira madzi onyansa, koma chiyambicho chikadali chozikidwa pa zotsatira za makhalidwe abwino a madzi ndi teknoloji yoyeretsa madzi onyansa. Kutenga madzi otayira m'mafakitale monga chinthu, zotsatirazi ndi mitundu iwiri yamadzi otayira poyezera zomwe zili m'madzi onyansa. Choyamba, makutidwe ndi okosijeni osavuta a organic zinthu m'madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mikhalidwe, ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono kuzindikira ndi kuwerengera organic mankhwala ndi zigawo zovuta m'madzi.
Chiyeso cha chilengedwe
(1) Kuzindikira kwa BOD, ndiko kuti, kuzindikira komwe kumafuna mpweya wa biochemical. Kufuna kwa okosijeni wa biochemical ndiye chandamale choyezera zomwe zili muzowononga aerobic monga organic zinthu m'madzi. Kuchulukira kwa cholingacho, m'pamenenso m'pamenenso pali zinthu zambiri zowononga zachilengedwe m'madzi, ndipo m'pamenenso zimawononga kwambiri. Organic zoipitsa mu shuga, chakudya, mapepala, CHIKWANGWANI ndi zina mafakitale madzi zinyalala akhoza kusiyanitsidwa ndi zamoyo zochita za mabakiteriya aerobic, chifukwa mpweya umadyedwa m`kati kusiyanitsa, choncho amatchedwanso aerobic zoipitsa, ngati zoipitsa Kuchulukirachulukira kumaliseche mu madzi thupi adzachititsa wosakwanira kusungunuka mpweya m'madzi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zinthu zamoyo zidzawola ndi mabakiteriya a anaerobic m'madzi, zomwe zimayambitsa ziphuphu, ndi kupanga mpweya woipa monga methane, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, ndi ammonia, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti madzi awonongeke komanso kununkha.
(2)Kuzindikira kwa COD, ndiko kuti, kuzindikira kufunidwa kwa okosijeni, kumagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala okosijeni kusiyanitsa zinthu zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi okosijeni m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kenako amawerengera kuchuluka kwa okosijeni otsalira. Kufunika kwa okosijeni wa Chemical (COD) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyeso wa madzi. Kutsimikiza kwa kufunikira kwa okosijeni wamankhwala kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kutsimikiza ndi njira zochepetsera zinthu mu zitsanzo zamadzi. Pakalipano, njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi njira ya acidic potassium permanganate oxidation ndi njira ya potaziyamu dichromate oxidation.
Ziwirizi zimagwirizana, koma ndi zosiyana. Kuzindikira kwa COD kumatha kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zili m'madzi otayidwa, ndipo zimatenga nthawi yochepa kuti muyese nthawi. Poyerekeza ndi izo, n'zovuta kusonyeza organic nkhani oxidized ndi tizilombo. Kuchokera pamalingaliro aukhondo, imatha kufotokozera mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi otayira alinso ndi zinthu zina zochepetsera zakuthupi, zomwe zimafunikanso kudya mpweya panthawi ya okosijeni, kotero COD ikadali ndi zolakwika.
Pali mgwirizano pakati pa awiriwa, mtengo waBOD5ndi zochepa kuposa COD, kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi ndi pafupifupi wofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu refractory organic, kusiyana kwakukulu, ndi zinthu zotsutsana kwambiri organic, mu nkhani iyi, sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwenso Choncho, chiŵerengero cha BOD5/COD kungakhale amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuweruza ngati madzi onyansawo ndi oyenera kuchiritsa kwachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, chiŵerengero cha BOD5 / COD chimatchedwa biochemical index. Zing'onozing'ono chiŵerengero, ndi zochepa oyenera mankhwala kwachilengedwenso. Chiyerekezo cha BOD5/COD chamadzi otayidwa oyenera kuchiritsa kwachilengedwe Nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati wamkulu kuposa 0.3.