43. Njira zopewera kugwiritsa ntchito ma electrode agalasi ndi ziti?
⑴Mtengo wa pH womwe ungatheke paziro wa maelekitirodi agalasi uyenera kukhala pakati pa chowongolera malo ofananira ndi acidimeter, ndipo suyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito munjira zopanda madzi.Magetsi a galasi akagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba kapena atagwiritsidwanso ntchito atasiyidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, babu lagalasi liyenera kuviikidwa m'madzi osungunuka kwa maola oposa 24 kuti apange hydration wosanjikiza wabwino.Musanagwiritse ntchito, yang'anani mosamala ngati ma elekitirodi ali bwino, babu lagalasi liyenera kukhala lopanda ming'alu ndi mawanga, ndipo ma elekitirodi amkati amayenera kumizidwa mumadzi odzaza.
⑵ Ngati pali thovu munjira yodzaza mkati, gwedezani pang'onopang'ono ma elekitirodi kuti thovulo lisefukire, kuti pakhale kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa cholumikizira chamkati ndi yankho.Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa babu lagalasi, mutatha kutsuka ndi madzi, mungagwiritse ntchito pepala la fyuluta kuti mutenge madzi omwe amamangiriridwa ku electrode, ndipo musawapukute ndi mphamvu.Akayika, babu yagalasi ya electrode yagalasi imakhala yokwera pang'ono kuposa electrode yowunikira.
⑶Mutatha kuyeza zitsanzo za madzi okhala ndi mafuta kapena zinthu zopangidwa ndi emulsified, yeretsani ma elekitirodi ndi zotsukira ndi madzi munthawi yake.Ngati elekitirodi ndi scaled ndi mchere mchere, zilowerere elekitirodi mu (1+9) hydrochloric acid.Sikelo ikasungunuka, yambani bwino ndi madzi ndikuyiyika m'madzi osungunuka kuti mugwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.Ngati mankhwala omwe ali pamwambawa sakukhutiritsa, mungagwiritse ntchito acetone kapena ether (ethanol mtheradi sangagwiritsidwe ntchito) kuti muyeretsedwe, kenaka muwachitire molingana ndi njira yomwe ili pamwambayi, ndiyeno zilowerereni electrode m'madzi osungunuka usiku wonse musanagwiritse ntchito.
⑷ Ngati sichikugwirabe ntchito, mutha kuyiyikanso mu njira yoyeretsera ya chromic acid kwa mphindi zingapo.Chromic acid ndi yothandiza pochotsa zinthu za adsorbed panja pagalasi, koma ili ndi vuto la kuchepa madzi m'thupi.Ma electrode opangidwa ndi chromic acid ayenera kuviikidwa m'madzi usiku wonse asanagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza.Pomaliza, ma elekitirodi amathanso kuviikidwa mu 5% HF yankho kwa masekondi 20 mpaka 30 kapena mu ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH4HF2) yankho kwa mphindi imodzi kuti muchepetse dzimbiri.Mukathirira, muzimutsuka ndi madzi nthawi yomweyo, ndiyeno muimitse m'madzi kuti mudzagwiritse ntchito..Pambuyo pa chithandizo choopsa chotero, moyo wa electrode udzakhudzidwa, kotero njira ziwirizi zoyeretsera zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira ina yotaya.
44. Kodi mfundo ndi zodzitetezera pakugwiritsa ntchito ma electrode a calomel ndi ati?
⑴Ma electrode a calomel ali ndi magawo atatu: zitsulo za mercury, mercury chloride (calomel) ndi mlatho wamchere wa potassium chloride.Ma chloride ions mu electrode amachokera ku potassium chloride solution.Pamene potassium chloride solution imakhala yosasinthasintha, mphamvu ya electrode imakhala yokhazikika pa kutentha kwina, mosasamala kanthu za pH ya madzi.Njira ya potaziyamu chloride mkati mwa elekitirodi imalowa mu mlatho wamchere (ceramic sand core), ndikupangitsa kuti batire yoyambirira igwire.
⑵ Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito, choyimitsa mphira cha mphuno kumbali ya elekitirodi ndi kapu ya rabara pamunsi pake iyenera kuchotsedwa kuti njira yothetsera mlatho wamchere ikhalebe ndi kuthamanga kwina ndi kutayikira ndi mphamvu yokoka ndikupitiriza kupeza yankho. kuyezedwa.Pamene electrode sikugwiritsidwa ntchito, choyimitsira mphira ndi kapu ya rabala ziyenera kuikidwa kuti zisawonongeke komanso kutayikira.Ma electrode a Calomel omwe sanagwiritsidwepo ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ayenera kudzazidwa ndi yankho la potaziyamu chloride ndikuyikidwa mu bokosi la electrode kuti lisungidwe.
⑶ Pasakhale thovu mu njira ya potaziyamu chloride mu elekitirodi kuti mupewe kufupika;makhiristo ochepa a potaziyamu kloridi ayenera kusungidwa mu njira yothetsera potassium chloride solution.Komabe, sikuyenera kukhala makristasi ambiri a potaziyamu kloride, apo ayi akhoza kutsekereza njira yopita ku yankho lomwe likuyezedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asawerengedwe mokhazikika.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwanso kuchotsa thovu la mpweya pamwamba pa electrode ya calomel kapena pamalo olumikizana pakati pa mlatho wamchere ndi madzi.Kupanda kutero, kungayambitsenso kuti dera loyezera liphwanyike ndipo kuwerengako kusawerengeka kapena kusakhazikika.
⑷Panthawi yoyezera, mulingo wamadzimadzi a potassium chloride mu electrode electrode uyenera kukhala wapamwamba kuposa wamadzimadzi omwe amayezedwa kuti asalowe mu electrode ndikusokoneza mphamvu ya electrode ya calomel.Kufalikira kwamkati kwa chlorides, sulfides, complexing agents, mchere wa siliva, potaziyamu perchlorate ndi zigawo zina zomwe zili m'madzi zidzakhudza kuthekera kwa electrode ya calomel.
⑸Pamene kutentha kumasinthasintha kwambiri, kusintha komwe kungatheke kwa electrode electrode kumakhala ndi hysteresis, ndiko kuti, kutentha kumasintha mofulumira, mphamvu ya electrode imasintha pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zimatenga nthawi yaitali kuti mphamvu ya electrode ifike pamlingo.Choncho, yesetsani kupewa kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha poyeza..
⑹ Samalani kuti muteteze mchenga wa calomel electrode ceramic core kuti utsekedwe.Samalani kwambiri pakuyeretsa panthawi yake mutatha kuyeza ma turbid solutions kapena colloidal solutions.Ngati pali otsatira pamtunda wa mchenga wa calomel electrode ceramic sandcore, mungagwiritse ntchito pepala la emery kapena kuwonjezera madzi pamwala wamafuta kuti muchotse bwino.
⑺ Yang'anani nthawi zonse kukhazikika kwa electrode electrode, ndikuyesa kuthekera kwa electrode yoyesedwa ya calomel ndi electrode ina ya calomel yosasunthika yokhala ndi madzi amkati omwewo mu anhydrous kapena m'madzi omwewo.Kusiyana komwe kungakhalepo kuyenera kukhala kosakwana 2mV, apo ayi electrode yatsopano ya calomel iyenera kusinthidwa.
45. Njira zodzitetezera poyezera kutentha ndi ziti?
Pakali pano, malamulo amtundu wa zonyansa zamtundu uliwonse alibe malamulo enieni okhudza kutentha kwa madzi, koma kutentha kwa madzi ndikofunika kwambiri kwa machitidwe ochiritsira achilengedwe ndipo ayenera kuperekedwa chidwi kwambiri.Mankhwala onse a aerobic ndi anaerobic amafunika kuchitidwa mkati mwa kutentha kwina.Kamodzi kameneka kadutsa, kutentha kumakhala kokwera kwambiri kapena kotsika kwambiri, komwe kungachepetse chithandizo chamankhwala komanso ngakhale kuyambitsa kulephera kwa dongosolo lonse.Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa kuyang'anira kutentha kwa madzi olowetsamo a dongosolo la mankhwala.Pamene kusintha kwa kutentha kwa madzi olowera kumalowa kumapezeka, tiyenera kumvetsera kwambiri kusintha kwa kutentha kwa madzi pazida zochizira.Ngati ali m'gulu lovomerezeka, akhoza kunyalanyazidwa.Apo ayi, kutentha kwa madzi olowera kumayenera kusinthidwa.
GB 13195–91 imatchula njira zenizeni zoyezera kutentha kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zoyezera kutentha kwa pamwamba, zoyezera kutentha kwambiri kapena zoyezera kutentha.Munthawi yanthawi zonse, poyezera kwakanthawi kutentha kwa madzi munjira iliyonse ya malo opangira madzi onyansa pamalopo, choyezera choyezera magalasi chodzaza ndi mercury chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza.Ngati thermometer ikufunika kuchotsedwa m'madzi kuti iwerengedwe, nthawi yochokera pamene thermometer imachoka m'madzi mpaka pamene kuwerenga kwatha sikuyenera kupitirira masekondi 20.Thermometer iyenera kukhala ndi sikelo yolondola yosachepera 0.1oC, ndipo mphamvu ya kutentha iyenera kukhala yaying'ono momwe ingathere kuti ikhale yosavuta kufikira pamlingo.Iyeneranso kusanjidwa pafupipafupi ndi dipatimenti yowona za metrology ndi zotsimikizira pogwiritsa ntchito thermometer yolondola.
Poyezera kwakanthawi kutentha kwa madzi, probe ya thermometer yagalasi kapena zida zina zoyezera kutentha ziyenera kumizidwa m'madzi kuti ayezedwe kwa nthawi inayake (nthawi zambiri kuposa mphindi 5), ndiyeno werengani detayo mukafika pamlingo.Kutentha nthawi zambiri kumakhala kolondola kufika pa 0.1oC.Malo opangira madzi onyansa nthawi zambiri amayika chida choyezera kutentha pa intaneti kumapeto kwa thanki ya aeration, ndipo thermometer nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito thermistor kuyeza kutentha kwa madzi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-02-2023
